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Postage stamp

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A postage stamp is a small piece of paper issued by postal administrations or authorized vendors. It serves as proof that a customer has paid the postage required to move, insure, or register mail.

Nicaragua1 1913
Nicaragua1 1913

To use a stamp, a person affixes it to the face or address-side of a postal cover. This cover might be an envelope, a packet, a box, or a mailing cylinder. Once the item enters the postal system, a postmark or cancellation mark is applied. This mark indicates the date and point of origin of the mailing. It is also applied to the left and right sides of the stamp to prevent its reuse. After this process, the item is delivered to its final address.

Most stamps contain several distinct components that provide essential information. They almost always feature the name of the issuing nation, though the United Kingdom is a unique exception. They also display a denomination, which represents the stamp's monetary value. Many stamps include illustrations of persons, events, institutions, or natural realities. These images often symbolize the traditions and values of the nation.

Perforations US1940 issues-2c
Perforations US1940 issues-2c

Stamps are typically printed on custom-made paper. While most are rectangular, some are triangular or other shapes. The back of the paper is either glazed with an adhesive gum or is self-adhesive.

Costa Rica Diamond stamp2 1937-2c
Costa Rica Diamond stamp2 1937-2c

The mechanism of the modern postage system changed how mail was handled. Before the mid-19th century, the United Kingdom often required the recipient to pay for postage. This caused significant problems for postal services. If a recipient was unwilling or unable to pay, the costs were not recoverable. Furthermore, senders had no incentive to limit the weight or size of their items. The introduction of adhesive stamps resolved these issues by requiring payment upfront. This change also made it easier for postal officials to manage costs. It led to a faster and more efficient postal system.

History shows several different people and methods used to indicate paid postage. In April 1680, William Dockwra and Robert Murray established the London Penny Post. They used a hand stamp to frank items, which many historians consider the first postage stamp. In 1835, Lovrenc Košir suggested using "artificially affixed postal tax stamps" made of thin paper wafers.

Lovrenc Košir
Lovrenc Košir

Although bureaucrats studied his idea, they did not adopt it. In 1834, James Chalmers reportedly advocated for stamps, though evidence of his essay is debated. An 1838 document from Chalmers shows he proposed adhesive stamps similar to those later used by Rowland Hill.

Sir Rowland Hill is widely credited with inventing the modern adhesive postage stamp. In 1836, Robert Wallace provided Hill with extensive documents regarding the postal service. Hill studied these materials and submitted a private pamphlet in January 1837. He proposed using a small bit of paper with a "glutinous wash" on the back.

Rowland Hill photo crop
Rowland Hill photo crop

This idea was eventually published to the general public. On 1 May 1840, the United Kingdom issued the Penny Black. This was the first true adhesive postage stamp. The design featured the profile of Queen Victoria, drawn by artist Henry Corbould. The security printing firm Perkins, Bacon & Petch produced the stamps.

Penny black
Penny black

The impact of these inventions was rapid and global. Within three years of the Penny Black, Switzerland and Brazil introduced their own stamps. By 1860, postage stamps were in use in 90 countries around the world. The shift to charging postage by weight also changed how people sent mail. It became the norm to use envelopes for documents. To meet the growing demand, Edwin Hill, the brother of Rowland Hill, invented a machine to fold envelopes quickly. While metered postage and bulk mailing became more common in the late 20th century, stamps remained the primary way to pay for mail for many decades.

Today, stamps are also objects of intense study and collection. This practice is known as philately.

François Barraud - Le Philatéliste
François Barraud - Le Philatéliste

Collectors prize stamps for their beauty and their historical significance. Because governments issue different denominations in unequal numbers, some stamps are quite rare. Stamps act as a record of social and political realities from the time they were issued. Collectors often buy stamps directly from issuing agencies without intending to use them for mail. This practice allows the agencies to earn a net profit from both postage and stamp sales. Through philately, people connect the history of mailing systems to the evolving art of the nation.

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🖼️ Images & Media (15)
File:Nicaragua1 1913.jpg
Nicaragua1 1913.jpg
File:Lovrenc Košir.jpg
Lovrenc Košir.jpg
File:Rowland Hill photo crop.jpg
Rowland Hill photo crop.jpg
File:Penny black.jpg
Penny black.jpg
File:Mannerheim on US stamp, Champion of Liberty.jpg
Mannerheim on US stamp, Champion of Liberty.jpg
File:Perforations US1940 issues-2c.jpg
Perforations US1940 issues-2c.jpg
File:Stamp UK Penny Red pl148.jpg
Stamp UK Penny Red pl148.jpg
File:Washington 1857 1st perf-3c.jpg
Washington 1857 1st perf-3c.jpg
File:The Soviet Union 1985 CPA 5624 stamp (Portrait of Lenin based on an photography of Y.Mebius (1900, Moscow), Tampere Lenin Museum, Finland) small resolution.jpg
The Soviet Union 1985 CPA 5624 stamp...
File:Costa Rica Diamond stamp2 1937-2c.jpg
Costa Rica Diamond stamp2 1937-2c.jpg
File:Zinnoberroter Merkur.jpg
Zinnoberroter Merkur.jpg
File:Abudhabi30mar1964fdc.jpg
Abudhabi30mar1964fdc.jpg

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