Nepedia
Back to Discover
Advanced Reader
💻

Image scanner

technology Maturity 9-11 Next article →

An image scanner is a device that captures images through optical scanning. It can scan printed text, handwriting, or physical objects. The scanner converts these visual inputs into a digital image.

Epson V850 scanner open 20230920
Epson V850 scanner open 20230920

This process allows information to be stored and processed by computers. Most people use scanners to move physical documents into a digital format. Some scanners can save these files directly to flash media like USB drives or memory cards.

There are several common ways that scanners operate. A flatbed scanner is the most frequent type used in homes and offices. It features a glass bed, known as a platen, where the document is placed face-down.

Epson V850 scanner open 20230920
Epson V850 scanner open 20230920

A sheetfed scanner works differently by using a series of rollers. These rollers move the page across an image sensor one page at a time. Some models include an automatic document feeder for multiple pages.

ScanSnap iX500 029 (8703118513)
ScanSnap iX500 029 (8703118513)

Handheld scanners are portable tools used on flat surfaces.

Logitech ScanMan Color-P4191193-white
Logitech ScanMan Color-P4191193-white

Document cameras are another option that use high-resolution cameras to photograph entire documents at once.

ET Series Book Scanner
ET Series Book Scanner

Modern scanners rely on specific sensors to detect light. Most contemporary models use a charge-coupled device, or CCD. This sensor captures the image data for the computer.

Overwiew - Scanner unit CIS Canon MP500 5of5
Overwiew - Scanner unit CIS Canon MP500 5of5

Other devices use a contact image sensor, or CIS. For the highest possible image quality, some specialized drum scanners use a photomultiplier tube, or PMT. This sensor is highly sensitive to light.

1977 Januar Wuppertal 027
1977 Januar Wuppertal 027

These different technologies determine how a scanner sees detail and color.

Image scanners are the successors to early facsimile, or fax, and wirephoto machines. These older machines were designed to transmit images over long distances.

Card Scanner
Card Scanner

In 1843, Alexander Bain patented an early fax design. His design used a metal stylus and a pendulum to scan a copper plate. In 1847, Frederick Bakewell created the first working fax machine. It used a revolving drum coated in tinfoil.

1977 Januar Wuppertal 027
1977 Januar Wuppertal 027

In 1862, Giovanni Caselli introduced the pantelegraph. This was the first fax machine put into regular service. It used magnetic regulators to ensure the sender and receiver stayed in perfect synchronization.

Later developments made fax machines more successful in business. In 1893, Elisha Gray introduced the telautograph. This machine used linkage bars to translate motion to a receiver.

Card Scanner
Card Scanner

Because it used standard stationery paper, it became popular in hospitals. In 1902, Arthur Korn introduced the phototelautograph. This machine used a light-sensitive selenium cell instead of a metal drum. This invention became the basis for wirephoto machines used by newspapers worldwide. These machines allowed for much faster image transmission.

Digital imaging emerged through several important milestones. The Bartlane system, created in 1920, was the first digital imaging system. It used zinc plates to store images at five different exposure levels.

NBSFirstScanImageRestored
NBSFirstScanImageRestored

In 1957, Russell A. Kirsch led a team to build the first scanner that stored images digitally on a computer. This drum scanner used a photomultiplier tube.

NBSFirstScanImageRestored
NBSFirstScanImageRestored

The first image he ever scanned was a photograph of his son, Walden. The computer used for this task was the SEAC mainframe. It had a maximum horizontal resolution of 176 pixels.

As technology advanced, scanners became more specialized and accessible. In 1975, the Autokon 8400 became the first flatbed scanner for digital image processing.

Autokon 1000DE
Autokon 1000DE

It used a laser beam and could scan pages up to 11 by 14 inches. In 1977, Raymond Kurzweil released the Kurzweil Reading Machine.

Autokon 1000DE
Autokon 1000DE

This was the first flatbed scanner using a CCD. It was designed to help blind people read books by using speech synthesis.

Autokon 1000DE
Autokon 1000DE

Finally, personal computer scanners like the ThunderScan arrived in the mid-1980s.

HP-Scanjet-IIC 05
HP-Scanjet-IIC 05

These tools helped bring digital imaging into the hands of everyday users.

595 words

Where will your curiosity go next?

Keep exploring at your chosen reading level.

🖼️ Images & Media (13)
File:Epson V850 scanner open 20230920.jpg
Epson V850 scanner open 20230920.jpg
File:NBSFirstScanImageRestored.jpg
NBSFirstScanImageRestored.jpg
File:Autokon 1000DE.jpg
Autokon 1000DE.jpg
File:HP-Scanjet-IIC 05.jpg
HP-Scanjet-IIC 05.jpg
File:ScanSnap iX500 029 (8703118513).jpg
ScanSnap iX500 029 (8703118513).jpg
File:Logitech ScanMan Color-P4191193-white.jpg
Logitech ScanMan Color-P4191193-white.jpg
File:1977 Januar Wuppertal 027.jpg
1977 Januar Wuppertal 027.jpg
File:ET Series Book Scanner.png
ET Series Book Scanner.png
File:Reflecta DigitDia 6000 Slide Scanner (1).jpg
Reflecta DigitDia 6000 Slide Scanner (1).jpg
File:Card Scanner.svg
Card Scanner.svg
File:Overwiew - Scanner unit CIS Canon MP500 5of5.jpg
Overwiew - Scanner unit CIS Canon MP500 5of5.jpg
File:Photoshop goddess version 1.05 (3378276180).jpg
Photoshop goddess version 1.05 (3378276180).jpg

+ 1 more

More to explore

🔬 Go deeper

More advanced topics to explore

🪜 Step back

Simpler topics to build understanding

What is Nepedia?

A free, ad-free encyclopedia for children. Every article is written at five reading levels, so the same page works for a five-year-old and a fifteen-year-old — use the level switcher above to see this one change. No account needed to read.