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Video camera

technology Maturity 11-13 Next article →

A video camera is an optical instrument designed to capture moving images. It differs from a movie camera because it does not record images on physical film. Instead, video cameras use electronic processes to capture light. These devices are vital tools in our modern world. They allow us to witness events as they happen or save them for later study. Today, video cameras serve many different industries, from television broadcasting to scientific research.

Sony Handycam DCR-SR35 20190810
Sony Handycam DCR-SR35 20190810

Video cameras generally operate in two distinct modes. The first mode is live television. In this setup, the camera feeds real-time images directly to a screen for immediate viewing. While many cameras still serve live television production, this mode is also used for security, military, and industrial operations. This allows for remote or surreptitious viewing. The second mode involves recording images to a storage device. This allows for archiving or later processing. For many years, videotape was the primary format for recording. Over time, this was replaced by optical discs, hard disks, and eventually flash memory.

There are many different types of video cameras designed for specific tasks. Professional video cameras are often used in television studios. They can also be mobile, which is known as electronic field production, or EFP. These professional models often give the operator fine-grained manual control. Many of these cameras use three separate sensors to record red, green, and blue colors. Camcorders are another common type. A camcorder combines a camera and a recording device into one single unit. These are highly mobile and are used for home movies, news gathering, and citizen journalism. Modern digital camcorders usually have built-in recording media.

Sony E mount
Sony E mount

Other specialized cameras serve very different purposes. Action cameras can sometimes provide 360° recording capabilities. For security and surveillance, people often use closed-circuit television, or CCTV. These often use pan–tilt–zoom cameras, known as PTZ cameras. These are designed to be small, easy to hide, and able to work without human help. Some cameras are even built for hostile environments. They might be used in places with high heat, radiation, or toxic chemicals. Special systems are also used in medicine, robotics, and space research. Some of these cameras can even see non-visible radiation, such as infrared for heat sensing or X-rays for astronomy.

Sony E mount
Sony E mount

The history of the video camera is a journey of technological shifts. The earliest models relied on a mechanical device called the Nipkow disk. These were used in experimental broadcasts between the 1910s and the 1930s. Eventually, all-electronic designs replaced the mechanical systems. Two important inventions were the Iconoscope, created by Vladimir Zworykin, and the image dissector, created by Philo Farnsworth. These tube-based designs remained common until the 1980s. During that decade, solid-state image sensors began to replace the older tubes. These new sensors, such as the charge-coupled device (CCD), eliminated problems like image burn-in and streaking. This shift made digital video workflows practical for everyone.

Much of this progress came from breakthroughs in semiconductor technology. In 1959, the invention of the MOSFET at Bell Labs provided the foundation for metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) technology. This led to the development of semiconductor image sensors. The first CCD was invented at Bell Labs in 1969 using MOS capacitor technology. Later, the NMOS active-pixel sensor was invented at Olympus in 1985. This paved the way for the CMOS active-pixel sensor, which was developed at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in 1993. Digital video was also made possible by video compression. The discrete cosine transform (DCT) was a vital lossy compression technique proposed in 1972. This allowed video to fit within limited memory and bandwidth.

Sony Handycam DCR-SR35 20190810
Sony Handycam DCR-SR35 20190810

Recording methods have also evolved significantly. In 1927, John Logie Baird attempted to record video using a disc-based system called Phonovision. While the discs could not be played at the time, the video was later recovered in the 1980s. The first experiments with video tape began in 1951. By 1956, Ampex released the first commercial Quadruplex videotape system. They introduced a color video system just two years later. Mobile recording became easier with the Sony DV-2400 in 1967. By 1981, the Betacam system allowed the tape recorder to be built into the camera. Today, even high-end smartphones can capture video in 4K resolution. Many cameras also use interchangeable lenses via different mounts, such as the Sony E mount.

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File:Sony Handycam DCR-SR35 20190810.jpg
Sony Handycam DCR-SR35 20190810.jpg
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Sony E mount.jpg
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