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Video game console

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A video game console is a specialized electronic device designed to output video signals to a display. These signals create the images required to play video games. Most consoles are used with a separate game controller to provide input. While they are a form of home computer, they are built for affordability and accessibility. They usually lack the raw computing power and customization options found in personal computers.

Gaming Section 1 - Retrosystems 2010
Gaming Section 1 - Retrosystems 2010

The way a console functions depends on its specific hardware design. Home consoles are meant for a fixed location, such as a living room. They connect to a television or monitor and receive power from an electrical outlet. Handheld consoles are all-in-one units with built-in screens and controllers. They use rechargeable batteries so they can be played anywhere. Hybrid consoles combine these features. They can function as a handheld or connect to a television via a docking station or wired connection.

BEST-SELLING GAME CONSOLES VIS2
BEST-SELLING GAME CONSOLES VIS2

Consoles are often categorized by how they distribute and store games. Programmable consoles allow players to switch between different games. This was traditionally done using physical ROM cartridges or optical media. Today, many players use digital distribution to download games to internal or external storage. Some devices are dedicated consoles. In these, the games are "baked" into the hardware or read-only flash memory. Users cannot add new games to these units. This includes early models like the Magnavox Odyssey and modern retro-style consoles like the Sega Genesis Mini.

Sega Mega Drive Mini 02
Sega Mega Drive Mini 02

The history of the console began in the early 1970s. In 1966, Ralph H. Baer devised a concept for playing simple games on a television. This led to the Magnavox Odyssey in 1972. Following this, Nolan Bushnell, Ted Dabney, and Allan Alcorn at Atari developed the successful arcade game Pong. They released a home version in 1975. The Fairchild Channel F introduced swappable ROM cartridges in 1976. The Atari 2600 popularized this method in 1977. Handheld gaming evolved as technology moved from LED indicators to liquid-crystal displays (LCD). The Game Boy eventually realized the handheld concept in 1989.

Consoles are organized into generations, which typically last five to seven years. Consoles within a single generation share similar technical specifications, such as processor word size. This grouping follows a progression similar to Moore's law. Manufacturers often use a "razor and blades" business model. They may sell the console at a low price or even a loss. They primarily make a profit through licensing fees from every game sold. This cycle often leads to planned obsolescence, which encourages consumers to buy the next generation.

PSX-Memory-Card
PSX-Memory-Card

Modern console hardware has become much more complex due to advancements in semiconductor fabrication. Manufacturers can now reduce the feature size of chips, measured in nanometers. This allows more transistors to fit on a single chip. It also increases circuit speeds and reduces thermal dissipation. Modern consoles include integrated central processing units (CPU) and graphics processing units (GPU). These components work together for real-time rendering of 3D graphics. This technological shift has made consoles more similar to personal computers. They can now handle digital communications, wireless networking, and even media streaming services.

The console market has seen many manufacturers come and go. Historically, companies like Sega, Atari, and Magnavox were major players. Currently, the market is led by three dominant brands. Sony leads with the PlayStation brand. Microsoft is a leader with the Xbox brand. Nintendo is also a major producer with the Switch series. As technology continues to change, consoles continue to merge with the capabilities of home computers. This makes it easier for developers to release games across multiple different platforms.

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File:Gaming Section 1 - Retrosystems 2010.jpg
Gaming Section 1 - Retrosystems 2010.jpg
File:Sega Mega Drive Mini 02.jpg
Sega Mega Drive Mini 02.jpg
File:PSX-Memory-Card.jpg
PSX-Memory-Card.jpg
File:BEST-SELLING GAME CONSOLES VIS2.svg
BEST-SELLING GAME CONSOLES VIS2.svg
File:Sega Dreamcast arcade machine.jpg
Sega Dreamcast arcade machine.jpg
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