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Game controller

technology Maturity 7-9 Next article →

A game controller is an essential tool for interacting with video games. It serves as an input device, meaning it sends commands from a person to an entertainment system. Some controllers are also classified as input/output devices. These can receive data back from the system to produce a physical response. For example, they might provide sound or rumble vibration, which is known as haptic feedback.

SNES-Controller-in-Hand
SNES-Controller-in-Hand

Most modern gaming is done using a gamepad, also known as a joypad. A player holds the gamepad in both hands to provide input. Usually, the player uses their left hand for directional input and their right hand for action buttons. Modern gamepads often include shoulder buttons along the edges. They may also have central buttons labeled start, select, or mode. To make the experience more immersive, many include internal motors for haptic feedback.

Nintendo-Switch-Pro-Controller-FL
Nintendo-Switch-Pro-Controller-FL

Controllers have evolved significantly since the early days of gaming. One of the very first controllers was used for the 1958 game Tennis for Two. It consisted of a simple dial and a single button.

Tennis for Two - Modern recreation
Tennis for Two - Modern recreation

Later, paddle controllers became popular for games like Pong. A paddle features a round wheel used to control movement along one axis. As a user turns the wheel further from its default position, the control speed becomes more intensive. These were the first analog controllers.

Atari-2600-Paddle-Controller-FR
Atari-2600-Paddle-Controller-FR

Specialized peripherals exist for specific types of gameplay. A joystick is a handheld stick that tilts around two axes. It can sometimes be twisted around a third axis as well. Joysticks are frequently used in flight simulators. Some enthusiasts use a combination called HOTAS, which stands for hands on throttle and stick. This setup includes a joystick and a throttle quadrant.

PlayStation-Analog-Joystick
PlayStation-Analog-Joystick

Arcade-style controllers often feature a joystick on the left and buttons on the right.

Sega-Dreamcast-Arcade-Stick
Sega-Dreamcast-Arcade-Stick

Racing games often utilize steering wheels to increase realism. These wheels are essentially larger versions of a paddle controller. Some models feature force feedback to mimic the feeling of driving a real car. Steering wheels can vary greatly in their range of motion. Some only turn 200 to 270 degrees lock-to-lock. Higher-tier models can turn up to 900 degrees, which is 2.5 full turns.

Logitech-Driving-Force-PS3
Logitech-Driving-Force-PS3

Many racing setups also include pedals. These can be asymmetric to simulate an accelerator, brake, and clutch in a car. In flight simulations, symmetric pedals may simulate rudder controls.

LDFGT
LDFGT

Other unique input methods include the trackball and the light gun. A trackball is a smooth sphere manipulated with the palm of the hand. Rolling the ball allows a user to control a cursor. This can be faster than a mouse and requires less space.

Sega-Dreamcast-Arcade-Stick
Sega-Dreamcast-Arcade-Stick

Light guns are special purpose devices used specifically for shooting games.

Nintendo-Entertainment-System-NES-Zapper-Orange-L
Nintendo-Entertainment-System-NES-Zapper-Orange-L

Additionally, some controllers use motion sensing. For example, the Wii Wheel is a shell that holds a Wii Remote. It uses the remote's motion sensing to control a kart in Mario Kart Wii.

Wii Remote Image
Wii Remote Image

On personal computers, the keyboard and mouse are the primary controllers. The keyboard is modeled after a typewriter and is often used for character movement. The mouse is a handheld pointing device used to aim or move a camera.

W-A-S-D
W-A-S-D

Many gamers use a mousepad to increase accuracy and smoothness. While these were originally designed for general computer tasks, many companies now make specialized gaming peripherals. These include keyboards and mice with specific functions built-in for better performance.

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🖼️ Images & Media (13)
File:SNES-Controller-in-Hand.jpg
SNES-Controller-in-Hand.jpg
File:Tennis for Two - Modern recreation.jpg
Tennis for Two - Modern recreation.jpg
File:Nintendo-Switch-Pro-Controller-FL.jpg
Nintendo-Switch-Pro-Controller-FL.jpg
File:Atari-2600-Paddle-Controller-FR.jpg
Atari-2600-Paddle-Controller-FR.jpg
File:PlayStation-Analog-Joystick.jpg
PlayStation-Analog-Joystick.jpg
File:Sega-Dreamcast-Arcade-Stick.jpg
Sega-Dreamcast-Arcade-Stick.jpg
File:Logitech-Driving-Force-PS3.jpg
Logitech-Driving-Force-PS3.jpg
File:LDFGT.JPG
LDFGT.JPG
File:W-A-S-D.jpg
W-A-S-D.jpg
File:Nintendo-DS-Lite-w-stylus.png
Nintendo-DS-Lite-w-stylus.png
File:Wii Remote Image.jpg
Wii Remote Image.jpg
File:Nintendo-Entertainment-System-NES-Zapper-Orange-L.jpg
Nintendo-Entertainment-System-NES-Zapper-O...

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