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Pastel

arts Maturity 7-9 Next article →

A pastel is an art medium made of powdered pigment and a binder. This binder is a substance with a neutral hue and low saturation. Because pastels contain such a high concentration of pure pigment, they reflect light without the darkening effect of refraction. This allows the colors to appear very saturated and natural.

Commercial pastels
Commercial pastels

An artwork created with this medium is called a pastel, or a pastel drawing. While often used for portraits, the medium is also effective for subjects like landscapes.

Brooklyn Museum - On the Cliff - Theodore Robinson
Brooklyn Museum - On the Cliff - Theodore Robinson

To create hard and soft pastels, manufacturers follow a specific process. They first grind pigments into a paste using water and a gum binder. This binder can be substances like gum arabic or gum tragacanth. In the 20th century, methyl cellulose was also introduced as a binder. The paste is then rolled, pressed, or extruded into sticks.

Commercial pastels
Commercial pastels

Some manufacturers even add pumice to the binder. This helps to abrade the paper and create more "tooth," which is the texture needed to hold the pigment.

There are several distinct types of dry pastel media. Soft pastels are the most widely used form. They contain a higher proportion of pigment and less binder than other types. This makes them easy to smudge and blend, but they produce a lot of dust. Hard pastels contain more binder and less pigment. These are useful for sharp lines, fine details, or preliminary sketching.

Commercial pastels
Commercial pastels

There are also pastel pencils, which use a pastel lead for tiny details. Another variety is pan pastels, a 21st-century invention. These come in flat, compact pans and are applied using soft micropore sponge tools.

Commercial pastels
Commercial pastels

Artists also use specialized approaches like oil and water-soluble pastels. Oil pastels have a soft, buttery consistency and produce intense colors. They are dense enough to fill the grain of the paper. Unlike soft pastels, they do not require a fixative to stay in place. Water-soluble pastels contain a component like polyethylene glycol. This allows artists to thin the color with a water wash. This creates a semi-transparent effect similar to paint.

Commercial pastels
Commercial pastels

Historically, pastels have been used since the Renaissance. They gained significant popularity during the 18th century. During this time, many notable artists chose pastel as their primary medium. The medium has been especially popular within French art.

Louis15-1
Louis15-1

The name itself has deep roots. It comes from the Medieval Latin "woad paste." The French word "pastel" first appeared in 1662. This is also why we use the word "pastel" today to describe pale colors.

Louis15-1
Louis15-1

Because pastels are held by texture rather than heavy glue, they require special supports. An artist needs a surface with enough "tooth" to grab the powder. Common supports include laid paper or abrasive surfaces made of marble dust or pumice. Some artists even use velour paper, which is a composite of synthetic fibers.

While less common, some artists apply pastel to a primed canvas.

Edgar DEGAS La Danseuse Rose, Pastel on canvas
Edgar DEGAS La Danseuse Rose, Pastel on canvas

Edgar Degas was a central figure in this, using canvas to allow for thicker layers and repeated revisions.

Edgar DEGAS La Danseuse Rose, Pastel on canvas
Edgar DEGAS La Danseuse Rose, Pastel on canvas

Protecting a pastel artwork is a vital task for preservation. Because the pigment is not heavily bound, it is vulnerable to light and smudging. Artists often frame works under glass, but the glass must not touch the surface. Using Plexiglas is discouraged because static electricity can dislodge the pigment particles.

Brooklyn Museum - On the Cliff - Theodore Robinson
Brooklyn Museum - On the Cliff - Theodore Robinson

Some artists use a fixative, which is an aerosol varnish that stabilizes the particles. However, fixatives can sometimes dull or darken the bright colors. To ensure a work is archival, artists must use lightfast pigments and acid-free supports.

Brooklyn Museum - On the Cliff - Theodore Robinson
Brooklyn Museum - On the Cliff - Theodore Robinson
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🖼️ Images & Media (9)
File:William Merritt Chase, Study of Flesh Color and Gold, 1888, NGA 103252.jpg
William Merritt Chase, Study of Flesh...
File:Louis15-1.jpg
Louis15-1.jpg
File:Commercial pastels.JPG
Commercial pastels.JPG
File:Odilon Redon (French - Baronne de Domecy - Google Art Project.jpg
Odilon Redon (French - Baronne de Domecy...
File:Edgar DEGAS La Danseuse Rose, Pastel on canvas.jpg
Edgar DEGAS La Danseuse Rose, Pastel on canvas.jpg
File:Frottage 02.jpg
Frottage 02.jpg
File:Brooklyn Museum - On the Cliff - Theodore Robinson.jpg
Brooklyn Museum - On the Cliff - Theodore...
File:The Offering MET DP237944.jpg
The Offering MET DP237944.jpg
File:Chardin pastel selfportrait.jpg
Chardin pastel selfportrait.jpg
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