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Collage

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Collage is an artistic technique used to create a new whole from an assembly of different forms. The term comes from the French word for "to glue" or "to stick together." While many people use the word to describe two-dimensional works made from flat pieces, there is a related term for three-dimensional art. When an artist builds a work using three-dimensional objects, it is typically called an assemblage.

Pablo Picasso, 1913-14, Head (Tête), cut and pasted colored paper, gouache and charcoal on paperboard, 43.5 x 33 cm, Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art, Edinburgh
Pablo Picasso, 1913-14, Head (Tête), cut and pasted colored paper, gouache and charcoal on paperboard, 43.5 x 33 cm, Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art, Edinburgh

To make a collage, an artist selects various materials to glue onto a flat substrate like paper or canvas. These materials might include magazine or newspaper clippings, ribbons, or bits of colored paper. An artist may also use paint, photographs, or even portions of other artworks and texts. The process involves choosing these "found objects" and arranging them to create a specific effect. By placing these disparate elements together, the artist creates a new visual experience that combines many different textures and meanings.

There are several distinct ways to approach collage. One method is known as papier collé, which translates to "pasted paper." This was a specific style used by early modern artists. Another method is Cubism collage, where snippets of unrelated subject matter are used to create a deconstructed appearance. There is also a technique called Cubomania. In this method, an artist cuts an image into squares and reassembles them at random or automatically. Some artists even practice canvas collage. This involves gluing separately painted patches of canvas onto the main surface of a larger painting.

Although many associate collage with the 20th century, its history stretches back much further. In the 10th century, Japanese calligraphers used glued paper to decorate surfaces when writing poems. Some of these works are still held in the Nishi Hongan-ji temple. During the 15th and 16th centuries, gold leaf and gemstones were applied to religious icons and coats of arms. In the 18th century, Mary Delany created 985 botanical collages called "flower Mosaicks." Even in the 1860s, early Victorian photocollage was used for hobbyists and portraiture.

DasUndbild
DasUndbild

Modern collage emerged as a major movement in the early 1900s alongside modernism. Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso are often credited with making it a distinctive part of modern art. Braque began by attaching simulated oak-grain wallpaper to his charcoal drawings. Picasso followed by experimenting with the medium in oil paintings. In 1912, his work "Still Life with Chair Caning" featured a patch of oilcloth pasted onto the canvas. This era changed how artists thought about the relationship between painting and sculpture.

Hoch-Cut With the Kitchen Knife
Hoch-Cut With the Kitchen Knife

Significant developments occurred as different art movements adopted the technique. Surrealist artists, such as Joseph Cornell, used collage to create strange, dream-like scenes. In the 1960s, the New Realist Exhibition helped launch the Pop Art movement. This included famous artists like Andy Warhol, Roy Lichtenstein, and James Rosenquist. Wood collage also became a major form. Artist Louise Nevelson created massive, black-painted sculptural wood collages from furniture scraps.

OHNE TITEL (DAS SCHACHBILD)
OHNE TITEL (DAS SCHACHBILD)

George Morrison later used driftwood from Lake Superior to create "paintings made of wood."

Collage connects the world of art to the world of everyday objects. By using newspaper fragments, artists can bring references to current events or popular culture into their work. This creates a "collision" between the art and the real world. Some scholars debate if using natural, unaltered wood counts as true collage. They argue that true collage requires "signifiers," which are objects that have a known cultural meaning. Because a piece of driftwood from a forest may have no previous human use, it might lack the contextual disruption that defines the traditional collage technique.

Grete Stern - Sueño No. 28. Love without Illusion, 1951
Grete Stern - Sueño No. 28. Love without Illusion, 1951
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🖼️ Images & Media (6)
File:DasUndbild.jpg
DasUndbild.jpg
File:Hoch-Cut With the Kitchen Knife.jpg
Hoch-Cut With the Kitchen Knife.jpg
File:Pablo Picasso, 1913-14, Head (Tête), cut and pasted colored paper, gouache and charcoal on paperboard, 43.5 x 33 cm, Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art, Edinburgh.jpg
Pablo Picasso, 1913-14, Head (Tête), cut...
File:Dove The Intellectual.jpg
Dove The Intellectual.jpg
File:OHNE TITEL (DAS SCHACHBILD).PNG
OHNE TITEL (DAS SCHACHBILD).PNG
File:Grete Stern - Sueño No. 28. Love without Illusion, 1951.jpg
Grete Stern - Sueño No. 28. Love without...
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