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Crayon

arts Maturity 7-9 Next article →

A crayon, or wax pastel, is a stick of pigmented wax used for writing or drawing.

Crayones cera
Crayones cera

These tools are valued for being easy to work with and less messy than paints or markers. Because they are blunt, they remove the risk of sharp points found in pencils or pens. Most modern crayons are non-toxic and available in a wide variety of colors. These characteristics make them excellent for teaching small children to draw. However, they are also used widely by both students and professional artists.

Modern crayons differ from other similar art tools. Pastels use a dry binder, such as gum arabic, to hold pigment together. Oil pastels use a mixture of both wax and oil as a binder. In contrast, a standard crayon is made mostly of paraffin wax. To make them, paraffin wax is heated and cooled to a specific temperature. At this precise temperature, the wax can be dyed with pigment. The substance is then manufactured into sticks and shipped around the world.

Crayons & Drawing
Crayons & Drawing

There are several distinct types of wax-based drawing tools. Conté crayons, which originated in Paris, are a hybrid between a pastel and a conventional crayon. They have been used by artists since the late 1790s. Early 19th-century products often used charcoal as a primary ingredient. Later, manufacturers replaced charcoal with various hues of powdered pigment. Another important development was the creation of washable crayons. Chemist Colin Snedsker developed these to address complaints about stained walls and fabrics. He was awarded a patent for this washable marking composition in 1990.

The history of the crayon reaches back thousands of years. The term "crayon" comes from the French word for "chalk pencil." This word is derived from "craie," meaning chalk, which comes from the Latin "creta," meaning Earth. The concept of combining wax with pigment is seen in encaustic painting. In this technique, artists use hot beeswax combined with colored pigment to bind color into stone. A heat source is then used to "burn in" and fix the image. This method was used by the Egyptians, Romans, and Greeks, as well as indigenous people in the Philippines.

VariousCrayonBoxes
VariousCrayonBoxes

In the United States, many companies competed for the education and artist markets. The Franklin Mfg. Co. was one of the first to sell wax crayons in 1876. In the late 1880s, Charles A. Bowley developed wax coloring crayons. He originally created clumps of colored wax to mark leather. To improve accuracy, he formed them into cylinder shapes similar to pencils. Bowley eventually partnered with the American Crayon Company in 1902. This era saw rapid growth in how these tools were packaged and sold.

Dixon Crayon Ad
Dixon Crayon Ad

The brand Crayola became a major part of crayon history. Edwin Binney and C. Harold Smith introduced a marking crayon in 1902. In 1903, Alice Stead Binney coined the name "Crayola." She combined the French word "craie" with the first part of "oleaginous," a name for paraffin wax. Their "Gold Medal" line became famous after an award at the 1904 St. Louis World's Fair. They initially sold a box of eight assorted colors. This box was so successful it appeared on a postage stamp in 1905.

Crayola Ad 1905
Crayola Ad 1905

Crayons have been used by many notable artists throughout history. Early French artists like François Clouet used them for elaborate modeled portraits. Nicholas L'agneau also used wax crayons to outline portraits. In the United States, Sister Gertrude Morgan used simple crayon drawings to depict biblical text. Her work helped provide clear images for people unfamiliar with the Bible. Today, while Crayola dominates the U.S. market, other brands like Rose Art and Dixon Ticonderoga also exist.

One Made it
One Made it

There were once over 300 documented crayon manufacturers in the United States alone.

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File:Crayones cera.jpg
Crayones cera.jpg
File:VariousCrayonBoxes.jpg
VariousCrayonBoxes.jpg
File:Dixon Crayon Ad.jpg
Dixon Crayon Ad.jpg
File:Crayola Ad 1905.jpg
Crayola Ad 1905.jpg
File:Crayons & Drawing.jpg
Crayons & Drawing.jpg
File:One Made it.jpg
One Made it.jpg
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