Nepedia
Back to Discover
Advanced Reader
🧬

Pandalus borealis

life science Maturity 11-13 Next article →

Pandalus borealis is a species of caridean shrimp found in cold northern oceans.

Northern shrimp on shrimp boat
Northern shrimp on shrimp boat

Many people know them by other names like pink shrimp or Nordic shrimp. They are also called deepwater prawns or Maine shrimp. These animals are very important to the health of Arctic marine ecosystems. They act as a key link in the food web. Because they are widely used for food, they are also a major part of global fisheries.

These shrimp live in specific environments to stay healthy. They usually settle on soft, muddy ocean bottoms. Most live at depths of 200 to 500 meters. They prefer very cold water between 0 and 4 degrees Celsius. The salt levels, or salinity, must stay between 32 and 35 parts per thousand. This salinity can change depending on where they are in their life cycle.

Northern prawn, capture production, thousand tonnes, 1950-2022
Northern prawn, capture production, thousand tonnes, 1950-2022

Their distribution is quite large across the northern hemisphere.

The North Atlantic population, known as P. b. borealis, has a wide range. It stretches from New England in the United States to Canada's eastern seaboard. It also includes parts of Greenland, Iceland, Norway, and the North Sea. The North Pacific population is slightly different. It is often called a separate species named P. eous. This group lives from Japan and Korea through the Bering Strait down to California.

Northern shrimp on shrimp boat
Northern shrimp on shrimp boat

Physiologically, these shrimp have a very unusual way of growing. They are protandrous hermaphrodites. This means they are born as males. After about two and a half years, their bodies undergo a change. Their testes turn into ovaries. Because of this, they spend the rest of their lives as females. Their size depends on age, sex, and the water temperature. Females can reach 12 centimeters, while males reach up to 8 centimeters. Warmer water is associated with faster growth rates.

In the ocean, Pandalus borealis plays a vital role as a scavenger. They eat many different types of prey, such as gelatinous zooplankton and chaetognaths. Because they eat many things, they are considered generalized scavengers. Scientists have found high levels of fish DNA in their stomachs. This makes them a "natural sampler" for researchers. By studying the shrimp, scientists can assess the molecular fish diversity in the Arctic.

Northern shrimp on shrimp boat
Northern shrimp on shrimp boat

Their spawning cycle also follows a strict seasonal pattern.

Spawning usually begins offshore in the late summer. By early fall, females extrude their eggs onto their abdomen. The shrimp then move inshore so the eggs can hatch in the winter. This cycle helps maintain their population, but it is sensitive to change. In New England, the fishery was very successful for many years. In 1969, landings reached a peak of 28.3 million pounds. However, the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission shut down the fishery in 2013.

Northern prawn, capture production, thousand tonnes, 1950-2022
Northern prawn, capture production, thousand tonnes, 1950-2022

Stocks remain depleted due to rising surface temperatures and low spawning stock biomass.

Human use of these shrimp has a long history. People in Norway have fished them since the early 1900s. This was possible after Johan Hjort made discoveries on how to locate them. In Canada, the fishery expanded during the 1990s. The annual harvest limit in Canada was set to 164,000 tonnes in 2008.

Northern prawn, capture production, thousand tonnes, 1950-2022
Northern prawn, capture production, thousand tonnes, 1950-2022

They are a popular food because many people find them sweeter than Pacific shrimp.

Beyond food, these shrimp are useful in science and industry. Scientists extract an enzyme called shrimp alkaline phosphatase (SAP) from them. This enzyme is used in the field of molecular biology. Their carapace, or outer shell, is also very valuable. It is a source of chitosan. This versatile chemical is used to treat bleeding wounds. It is also used to filter wine and improve soil in organic farming.

Northern shrimp on shrimp boat
Northern shrimp on shrimp boat
600 words

Where will your curiosity go next?

Keep exploring at your chosen reading level.

🖼️ Images & Media (2)
File:Northern prawn, capture production, thousand tonnes, 1950-2022.svg
Northern prawn, capture production,...
File:Northern shrimp on shrimp boat.jpg
Northern shrimp on shrimp boat.jpg
More to explore

🔬 Go deeper

More advanced topics to explore

🪜 Step back

Simpler topics to build understanding

What is Nepedia?

A free, ad-free encyclopedia for children. Every article is written at five reading levels, so the same page works for a five-year-old and a fifteen-year-old — use the level switcher above to see this one change. No account needed to read.