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Out of Africa

arts Maturity 11-13 Next article →

Out of Africa is a celebrated memoir written by the Danish author Karen Blixen. First published in 1937, the book recounts her eighteen years living in Kenya. At that time, the region was known as British East Africa. The work serves as a lyrical meditation on her life managing a coffee plantation. It also acts as a tribute to the diverse people who shaped her experience. Blixen originally wrote the manuscript in English. She later rewrote the entire work in her native Danish. She occasionally published her writings under the pen name Isak Dinesen.

Blixen moved to the colony in late 1913 at the age of 28. She traveled there to marry her second cousin, the Swedish Baron Bror von Blixen-Finecke. The couple purchased farmland located below the Ngong Hills, southwest of Nairobi. While they initially planned to raise dairy cattle, Bror developed the land into a coffee plantation. The farm relied on a specific colonial labor system. Local Kikuyu tribespeople were known as "squatters" in this system. These workers provided 180 days of labor in exchange for wages. They also earned the right to live on and farm uncultivated lands.

The farm's operations changed significantly during the First World War. As coffee prices rose, the Blixens expanded their holdings in 1917. These new acquisitions included the house that features prominently in the book. However, the marriage faced many challenges. Bror was a skilled hunter and a well-liked companion. Yet, he was an unfaithful husband and a poor businessman. He squandered much of the capital intended for the farm. The couple separated in 1921 and officially divorced in 1925. Following the divorce, Karen took over the sole management of the plantation.

Managing the plantation proved difficult due to environmental and economic factors. The soil and climate were not ideal for coffee cultivation. The farm suffered through several unexpected dry years with low yields. One season, a massive pestilence of grasshoppers attacked the crops. Simultaneously, the global market price for coffee began to fall. These struggles drove the farm deeper into debt. In 1931, the family corporation forced Blixen to sell the property. She declined an offer to stay in the house and returned to Denmark. She settled at her family estate, Rungstedlund, to resume her writing career.

The book is structured into five distinct sections. Most of these sections are non-linear and do not follow a strict chronology. The first two sections focus on the Africans who lived or worked on the farm. They include observations regarding native ideas of justice following an accidental shooting. The third section, "Visitors to the Farm," describes colorful local characters. The fourth section, "From an Immigrant's Notebook," contains reflections on white colonial life. The final section, "Farewell to the Farm," follows a more linear path. It details the financial failure of the farm and the deaths of several friends.

Blixen's writing style is often described as melancholy or elegiac. A biographer used the phrase "clear darkness" to describe this tone. The memoir explores deep themes of loss and nostalgia. Blixen mourns not just her farm, but the changing face of Kenya itself. During her time there, many settlers viewed the land as a timeless, prehistoric paradise. President Theodore Roosevelt even compared the region to the late Pleistocene. However, aggressive agricultural development eventually spread the human footprint into the game country. Hunting safaris also depleted the large animal herds quite rapidly.

One major theme in the book is the "Unity" of contrasts. Blixen examines the differences between African and European cultures. She describes the Kikuyu people who worked her land and the nomadic Maasai warriors. She also details the lives of Somali Muslims and Indian merchants. The book compares different legal systems through two specific trials. One was an African gathering to settle a dispute over livestock reparations. The other was a British colonial criminal trial held in Nairobi. Through these stories, Blixen captures a world that was irretrievably lost to history.

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