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Of Human Bondage

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Of Human Bondage is a celebrated novel written by W. Somerset Maugham. It was first published in 1915. Many literary experts consider this book to be Maugham's masterpiece. The story is widely viewed as being autobiographical. This means it reflects many real events from the author's own life. However, Maugham clarified that it is not a true autobiography. He stated that while much of it is autobiographical, much more is pure invention.

The title of the novel carries deep philosophical meaning. Maugham originally planned to call the book Beauty from Ashes. This title was borrowed from a verse in the book of Isaiah. He eventually chose his final title from the philosopher Spinoza. Spinoza wrote a famous work called Ethics. Part IV of that work is titled "Of Human Bondage, or the Strength of the Emotions." In this text, Spinoza explains how emotions can control a person. He suggests that a free person thinks rationally. However, a person dominated by emotion becomes a slave to unthinking passions. This concept helps explain the struggles of the main character.

The plot follows the life of a young man named Philip Carey. The story begins with the death of his mother, Helen Carey. Philip is nine years old and has a club foot. He is sent to live with his aunt Louisa and uncle William in Kent. Philip finds an escape from his difficult life through reading. As he grows, he travels to Germany and then to Paris. In Paris, he attempts to train as a professional artist. He meets a student named Fanny Price, who is determined but lacks talent. Philip eventually realizes he cannot become a professional artist. He then returns to England to study medicine, which was his father's profession.

Philip's journey is marked by intense emotional connections and hardships. He becomes infatuated with a waitress named Mildred. Their relationship is difficult because she does not show him affection. Philip also experiences an affair with Norah Nesbit, an author of romance novels. Later, Philip faces extreme poverty. He loses his money due to events surrounding the Boer War. He even spends several days wandering the streets because he cannot pay rent. He eventually finds work at a department store. His talent for drawing helps him earn a promotion and a better salary.

Through these struggles, Philip eventually achieves stability. After his uncle William dies, Philip inherits enough money to finish medical school. He becomes a licensed physician and works with an older doctor named Dr. South. Dr. South is a cantankerous man who eventually offers Philip a partnership. Philip also meets a woman named Sally during a holiday in the Kent countryside. After a romantic moment, Philip decides to marry Sally. He chooses to accept the medical partnership instead of traveling the world. He concludes that a simple life of work and family is the most perfect pattern.

Maugham used his deep interest in art to add detail to the novel. According to Stanley Archer, the book names 33 different artists. It also mentions 10 specific famous paintings by name. Many of these artists were famous painters from the 19th century. For example, 13 of the artists mentioned are French. Five of the artists are British, and one, Whistler, is American. Some of these painters, such as Monet and Renoir, were actually alive when the book was published. Maugham even owned private collections of works by Pissarro, Sisley, Monet, and Renoir.

The novel's influence extends far beyond literature into modern media. It has been adapted into several feature films. Notable versions were released in 1934, 1946, and 1964. The book also appears in various television shows and movies. In the series Buffy the Vampire Slayer, a student uses the book as a "safety blanket." The film Spider-Man: Homecoming also features the novel. Even the animated series Adventure Time includes a scene where a character reads the book. These references show how the story continues to resonate with audiences.

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