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Ostrich

life science Maturity 7-9 Next article →

Ostriches are the largest and heaviest living birds on Earth. They belong to the genus Struthio within the order Struthioniformes. These birds are famous for being flightless, meaning they cannot fly. Instead, they use powerful legs to move across the ground. They are the fastest birds on land, reaching speeds of 70 kilometers per hour.

Somali ostrich
Somali ostrich

Ostriches are part of a diverse group of birds called ratites. This group is also known as the infra-class Palaeognathae. Ratites include several other well-known birds like emus, rheas, and kiwis. Some members of this group, such as the extinct elephant birds and moa, no longer exist.

Somali ostrich
Somali ostrich

There are two primary living species of ostrich recognized today. The common ostrich, known as Struthio camelus, lives in many parts of Sub-Saharan Africa. The Somali ostrich, or Struthio molybdophanes, lives in the Horn of Africa. The Somali ostrich evolved separately from the common ostrich. A geographic barrier called the East African Rift helped keep the two species apart.

Somali ostrich
Somali ostrich

Understanding how an ostrich eats reveals much about its biology. Ostriches are omnivores, which means they eat both plants and animals. Most of their diet consists of plant foods like grasses, roots, and succulents. They also consume leafy greens and fruit. To get extra protein, they eat small animals like mice, frogs, and lizards. They also eat insects such as locusts or grasshoppers.

Somali ostrich
Somali ostrich

Because ostriches do not have teeth, they use a unique method to process food. They swallow sand and small pebbles. These items stay in their stomachs to help grind up the food they eat. This process is essential for digesting tough plant material. It allows them to get nutrients from a wide variety of sources.

Somali ostrich
Somali ostrich

The history of the ostrich is long and spans many continents. The genus Struthio was first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1758. While Linnaeus originally included emus and rheas in this genus, scientists later moved them to their own groups. Fossil evidence suggests the genus might have originated in Africa. The earliest fossils from the genus Struthio date back to the early Miocene, about 21 million years ago, in Namibia.

Somali ostrich
Somali ostrich

During the middle to late Miocene, about 5 to 13 million years ago, ostriches spread across Eurasia. In places like China and Mongolia, they lived until the end of the last ice age. Humans have even found images of ostriches on prehistoric Chinese pottery. In the Arabian Peninsula, ostriches were hunted to extinction by the middle of the 20th century. Today, they are mostly found in the arid savannas of Africa.

Somali ostrich
Somali ostrich

Humans have maintained a significant relationship with ostriches for millennia. We use ostrich meat and eggs for food. The industry is very large, with South Africa producing about 70% of global ostrich products. Much of this work happens around the town of Oudtshoorn. Ostrich leather is a very valuable commodity used in many products.

Somali ostrich
Somali ostrich

Other parts of the bird are also useful to people. Large feathers are often used as plumes for decorating ceremonial headgear. Additionally, ostrich oil is produced using ostrich fat. While most ostriches live in Africa, some have established feral populations in Australia after escaping. This shows how these birds can adapt to different environments outside their natural range.

Somali ostrich
Somali ostrich
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