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Octopus

life science Maturity 7-9 Next article →

An octopus is a very smart living thing that lives in the ocean.

These animals have soft bodies and eight flexible arms. They belong to a group called cephalopods, which also includes squids and cuttlefish. An octopus has two eyes and a mouth with a sharp beak. Because they have no hard bones, they can change their shape easily. This lets them squeeze through very tiny gaps in the rocks.

Schematic lateral aspect of octopod features
Schematic lateral aspect of octopod features

To move and breathe, the octopus uses a special part called a siphon.

Octopus vulgaris Cuvier, 1797 2
Octopus vulgaris Cuvier, 1797 2

First, the octopus pulls water into a hollow part of its body called the mantle. The water passes over the gills to pick up oxygen. Then, the octopus pushes the water out through the siphon. This creates a jet of water that shoots the animal through the sea. They often swim backwards by trailing their arms behind them. This way of moving is called jet propulsion.

Inside their bodies, octopuses have a very busy circulatory system.

North Pacific Giant Octopus
North Pacific Giant Octopus

They actually have three hearts to keep their blood moving. One main heart pumps blood to the whole body. Two smaller hearts, called branchial hearts, pump blood through the gills. Their blood is blue instead of red. This is because it uses a protein called haemocyanin to carry oxygen. This blue blood works very well in cold water with little oxygen.

Octopuses come in many different sizes and live in many places.

Enteroctopus dofleini to spawn
Enteroctopus dofleini to spawn

The giant Pacific octopus is one of the largest species. An adult can weigh 50 kilograms and have a huge arm span. The smallest species is called Octopus wolfi, which is only 3 centimeters long. Most octopuses grow very fast and live for a short time. After they care for their eggs, the parents often die. Some species, like the blue-ringed octopus, can be deadly to humans.

People have known about octopuses for a very long time.

Octopus3
Octopus3

In old stories, people called them sea monsters like the Kraken from Norway. The name octopus comes from Ancient Greek words meaning "eight feet." You might see them in books or even on food menus. In places like Asia and the Mediterranean, people eat them as a delicacy. Whether they are hiding in a coral reef or swimming in the deep sea, they are amazing animals.

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🖼️ Images & Media (40)
File:North Pacific Giant Octopus.JPG
North Pacific Giant Octopus.JPG
File:Schematic lateral aspect of octopod features.jpg
Schematic lateral aspect of octopod features.jpg
File:Dumbo-hires (cropped).jpg
Dumbo-hires (cropped).jpg
File:Octopus vulgaris Cuvier, 1797 2.jpg
Octopus vulgaris Cuvier, 1797 2.jpg
Moving Octopus Vulgaris 2005-01-14.ogv
File:Reef1072 - Flickr - NOAA Photo Library.jpg
Reef1072 - Flickr - NOAA Photo Library.jpg
File:Tremoctopus violaceus5.jpg
Tremoctopus violaceus5.jpg
File:Enteroctopus dofleini to spawn.jpg
Enteroctopus dofleini to spawn.jpg
File:Fish3566 - Flickr - NOAA Photo Library.jpg
Fish3566 - Flickr - NOAA Photo Library.jpg
File:Octopus cyaneain Kona.jpg
Octopus cyaneain Kona.jpg
File:Veined Octopus - Amphioctopus Marginatus eating a Crab.jpg
Veined Octopus - Amphioctopus Marginatus...
File:Octopus3.jpg
Octopus3.jpg

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