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New Testament

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The New Testament is the second major division of the Christian biblical canon. It consists of a collection of 27 distinct Christian texts. These writings were composed in Koine Greek by various authors.

RossanoGospelsChristBeforePilate
RossanoGospelsChristBeforePilate

The collection focuses on the life and teachings of Jesus. It also documents the history of early Christianity during the first century. Together with the Old Testament, these books are regarded as Sacred Scripture by many Christians. The Old Testament is primarily based on the Hebrew Bible.

Papyrus Bodmer VIII
Papyrus Bodmer VIII

Understanding the term "testament" requires looking at ancient languages and legal concepts. In a modern sense, a testament often refers to a will left after death. This connection comes from the Greek word diatheke, which was used by translators of the Septuagint. In the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC, Jewish translators in Alexandria used diatheke to translate the Hebrew word brit. While brit usually means a pact or alliance, diatheke implies a will.

Codex Regius (019)
Codex Regius (019)

Christian theology has interpreted this to mean a new covenant. This covenant is believed to complete or fulfill the Mosaic covenant made at Mount Sinai. This theological view suggests the new agreement is linked to the death of Jesus.

The New Testament is organized into several specific literary types. The first type is the four Gospels, which provide narrative accounts of Jesus. The word "gospel" comes from the Old English word gōd-spell, meaning "good news."

Rembrandt - Saint Matthew and the angel
Rembrandt - Saint Matthew and the angel

These include the Gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John. Following the Gospels is the Acts of the Apostles, which serves as a sequel to the Gospel of Luke. It describes the ministry and activities of the apostles after the resurrection. The third major type is the epistles, which are various letters. These include thirteen letters attributed to Paul the Apostle and others. The final part is the Book of Revelation.

RabulaGospelsFolio04vCanonTable
RabulaGospelsFolio04vCanonTable

The development of this 27-book canon was a gradual process. It took place over the first few centuries of the Christian era. This period involved complex debates among early church leaders. They had to decide which writings were truly apostolic, meaning they came from the apostles. This process also involved the rejection of heretical texts. By the late 4th century, the 27-book canon was formally established. Most scholars believe many of these texts were written in the mid-to-late first century. However, there is no scholarly consensus on when the very last text was composed.

PaulT
PaulT

The history of these texts is preserved through thousands of surviving manuscripts. These manuscripts exist in various languages and include many different textual variants. Textual criticism is the scientific method used to study these manuscripts. Scholars use this field to reconstruct the oldest possible versions of the texts. They also use it to chart the history of how the written tradition changed over time. The earliest surviving manuscripts date from the late second to the early third centuries AD. One notable exception is the fragment known as Papyrus 52.

Matthew's Gospel - British Library Add. MS 59874 Ethiopian Bible
Matthew's Gospel - British Library Add. MS 59874 Ethiopian Bible

The Pauline epistles provide deep insight into early Christian communities. Paul is credited with thirteen letters, though modern scholars dispute the authorship of six of them. Some of these are considered pseudepigraphic, meaning they were written by others in his name. These letters were often sent to specific cities to address local issues. They discuss how to live within "pagan" society and how to interact with Judaism. Some letters, known as the Pastoral epistles, focus on church leadership and doctrine. They were addressed to individuals like Timothy and Titus who oversaw churches.

Today, the reception of the New Testament varies across different Christian traditions. The significance of the text remains high, but the way it is used differs. Roman Catholics view the New Testament as holy scripture alongside Sacred Tradition. This is often described as the "Transmission of Divine Revelation."

In contrast, many Evangelicals and some Protestants view the New Testament as the inspired word of God alone. They do not place the same emphasis on tradition. Orthodox Christians also hold the New Testament as sacred scripture. These different viewpoints show how the text continues to shape religious life globally.

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🖼️ Images & Media (10)
File:Rembrandt - Saint Matthew and the angel.jpg
Rembrandt - Saint Matthew and the angel.jpg
File:PaulT.jpg
PaulT.jpg
File:Papyrus Bodmer VIII.jpg
Papyrus Bodmer VIII.jpg
File:Codex Regius (019).JPG
Codex Regius (019).JPG
File:RossanoGospelsChristBeforePilate.jpg
RossanoGospelsChristBeforePilate.jpg
File:RabulaGospelsFolio04vCanonTable.jpg
RabulaGospelsFolio04vCanonTable.jpg
File:Matthew's Gospel - British Library Add. MS 59874 Ethiopian Bible.jpg
Matthew's Gospel - British Library Add....
File:Albert Gebhard - Gustav Vasa and Mikael Agricola.jpg
Albert Gebhard - Gustav Vasa and Mikael...
File:Codex Harcleianus.PNG
Codex Harcleianus.PNG
File:GaudenzioFerrari StorieCristo Varallo2.jpg
GaudenzioFerrari StorieCristo Varallo2.jpg
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