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Louisiana

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Louisiana is a state located in the Deep South and South Central regions of the United States.

Louisiana geographic map-en
Louisiana geographic map-en

It is bordered by Texas to the west and Arkansas to the north. Mississippi lies to the east, while the Gulf of Mexico forms its southern coastline. The state is unique because its political subdivisions are called parishes instead of counties. This is a reflection of its French heritage. Louisiana is one of only two U.S. states that does not use counties. The other state is Alaska, which uses boroughs. The state capital is Baton Rouge, and New Orleans is its most populous city.

St. Louis Cathedral (New Orleans)
St. Louis Cathedral (New Orleans)

New Orleans has a population of approximately 363,000 people.

The geography of the state is heavily influenced by the Mississippi River.

Louisiana geographic map-en
Louisiana geographic map-en

A large part of the eastern boundary is marked by this river. The mouth of the river creates a delta that defines the lower topography. Much of the land was formed by sediment washed down from the river. This process created enormous deltas, vast coastal marshes, and swamps.

Louisiana wetlands aerial view
Louisiana wetlands aerial view

These wetlands support a rich biota, or variety of living things. You can find birds like ibises and egrets in these areas. Many species of tree frogs, such as the American green tree frog, live here. The water also supports fish like sturgeon and paddlefish.

Honey Island Swamp, Louisiana (paulmannix)
Honey Island Swamp, Louisiana (paulmannix)

In the northern parts of the state, the land is more elevated. These areas contain different ecosystems like tallgrass prairies and longleaf pine forests. You might also find wet savannas in these regions. These environments support a huge number of plant species. This includes many types of terrestrial orchids and even carnivorous plants. Over half of the entire state is covered by forests. This diverse landscape exists because Louisiana sits at the confluence of the Mississippi River System and the Gulf of Mexico.

Long before Europeans arrived, many indigenous groups lived in this region.

Watson Brake Aerial Illustration HRoe 2014
Watson Brake Aerial Illustration HRoe 2014

The area was the origin of the Mound Builders culture during the Middle Archaic period. The Watson Brake site is an eleven-mound complex built around 3500 BC.

Poverty Point Aerial HRoe 2014
Poverty Point Aerial HRoe 2014

Another major site is Poverty Point, which reached its peak around 1500 BC. This was likely the first complex or tribal culture in North America.

Troyville Earthworks HRoe 2017sm
Troyville Earthworks HRoe 2017sm

Later, the Plaquemine and Caddoan Mississippian cultures developed. The Caddoan people occupied parts of what are now Oklahoma, Arkansas, and Texas. Many modern place names, such as Atchafalaya and Caddo, come from these Native American languages.

European exploration changed the political history of the region. Spanish expeditions visited the mouth of the Mississippi in 1528. In 1682, the French explorer Robert Cavelier de La Salle claimed the territory for France. He named the region Louisiana to honor King Louis XIV.

Nouvelle-France map-en
Nouvelle-France map-en

The territory was once much larger than the current state. It once stretched from Mobile Bay to the Canadian border. From 1762 to 1801, Louisiana was under Spanish rule. It briefly returned to French control before Napoleon sold it to the United States in 1803.

Flickr - USCapitol - Louisiana Purchase, 1803
Flickr - USCapitol - Louisiana Purchase, 1803

Louisiana was admitted to the Union as the 18th state in 1812.

Following statehood, the population grew through many different waves of migration. Settlers arrived from the eastern United States, the West Indies, Germany, and Ireland. The state experienced an agricultural boom in cotton and sugarcane. These crops were primarily cultivated by enslaved people from Africa. This history has created a multicultural society. Louisiana is known for being multilingual and multicultural. The culture is an admixture of French, Spanish, West African, and Native American influences. More recent migrants include people from the Philippines and Vietnam.

Free Woman of Color with daughter NOLA Collage
Free Woman of Color with daughter NOLA Collage

Today, Louisiana has a population of roughly 4.6 million residents.

Louisiana population density 2020
Louisiana population density 2020

While the state has a rich culture, it faces modern challenges. It frequently ranks low in national averages for health, education, and development. The state has high rates of poverty and homicide. In 2018, it was ranked as the least healthy state in the country. This was due to high levels of drug-related deaths. Despite these challenges, the state maintains a unique legal system and many distinct dialects, such as Cajun English.

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🖼️ Images & Media (40)
File:Louisiana welcome sign at Madison Parish visitor center IMG 7059.JPG
Louisiana welcome sign at Madison Parish...
File:Watson Brake Aerial Illustration HRoe 2014.jpg
Watson Brake Aerial Illustration HRoe 2014.jpg
File:Poverty Point Aerial HRoe 2014.jpg
Poverty Point Aerial HRoe 2014.jpg
File:Troyville Earthworks HRoe 2017sm.jpg
Troyville Earthworks HRoe 2017sm.jpg
File:Atchafalaya Basin.jpg
Atchafalaya Basin.jpg
File:Nouvelle-France map-en.svg
Nouvelle-France map-en.svg
File:Free Woman of Color with daughter NOLA Collage.jpg
Free Woman of Color with daughter NOLA Collage.jpg
File:Agostino_Brunias_-_The_linen_market_at_Saint-Domingue,_1804.png
Agostino_Brunias_-_The_linen_market_at_Sai...
File:Anonymous portrait of Jean Lafitte, early 19th century, Rosenberg Library, Galveston, Texas.JPG
Anonymous portrait of Jean Lafitte, early...
File:Louisiane 1800.png
Louisiane 1800.png
File:Flickr - USCapitol - Louisiana Purchase, 1803.jpg
Flickr - USCapitol - Louisiana Purchase, 1803.jpg
File:'Signing the Ordinance of Secession of Louisiana, January 26, 1861', oil on canvas painting by Enoch Wood Perry, Jr., 1861.jpg
'Signing the Ordinance of Secession of...

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