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Language

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Language is a structured system used for communication. It consists of grammar and vocabulary. Humans use it to convey meaning through speech or signs. It can also be recorded through writing.

Globe of letters
Globe of letters

This system is modality-independent. This means language can exist in many different forms. Natural language is spoken, signed, or both. It can be encoded into secondary media. These media include writing, whistling, or braille.

Girls learning sign language
Girls learning sign language

Language works through a process called semiosis. This process relates signs to specific meanings. Most languages use a phonological system. This system governs how symbols form words or morphemes. A morpheme is a small unit of meaning. These units then follow a syntactic system. Syntax is the set of rules for combining words. These rules create phrases and full utterances.

Constituent structure analysis English sentence
Constituent structure analysis English sentence

There are different ways to define language. Some see it as a mental faculty. This is the biological ability to learn and use communication. This view suggests language is innate. Noam Chomsky is a major figure in this area. He proposed the theory of universal grammar. Others see language as a formal symbolic system. This view focuses on the rules of combination. Ferdinand de Saussure helped define this structuralist view. He distinguished between the concept of language and its actual use.

Ferdinand de Saussure by Jullien
Ferdinand de Saussure by Jullien

Another perspective views language as a tool for communication. This focuses on social functions. It looks at how humans exchange verbal or symbolic utterances. This approach is studied in sociolinguistics and linguistic anthropology. Language is also tied to culture. It helps signify group identity. It can also be used for social grooming or entertainment.

Linguistic diversity
Linguistic diversity

Human language evolved from primate communication systems. This likely happened as early hominins developed a theory of mind. This development may have coincided with larger brain volumes. Language is processed in specific brain locations. These include Broca's area and Wernicke's area.

Brain Surface Gyri
Brain Surface Gyri

Children acquire language through social interaction. Most children speak fluently by age three.

History shows that language is always changing. Researchers can reconstruct this history. They compare modern languages to find ancestral traits. A group of languages from a common ancestor is a language family.

Primary Human Language Families Map
Primary Human Language Families Map

A language with no known relatives is a language isolate. There are also many unclassified languages. Some languages may even be spurious, meaning they never truly existed.

Estimates suggest there are 5,000 to 7,000 languages today. The exact number depends on how we define a dialect. A dialect is a specific version of a language. Many languages face a difficult future. Academic consensus suggests a high rate of loss. Between 50% and 90% of languages may be extinct by 2100.

Lang Status List
Lang Status List

This loss represents a significant change in human cultural diversity.

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🖼️ Images & Media (32)
File:Brain Surface Gyri.SVG
Brain Surface Gyri.SVG
File:Hangul wi.svg
Hangul wi.svg
File:Constituent structure analysis English sentence.svg
Constituent structure analysis English...
File:Lang Status List.svg
Lang Status List.svg
File:P religion world.svg
P religion world.svg
File:Social sciences.svg
Social sciences.svg
File:Globe of letters.svg
Globe of letters.svg
File:Noun-linguistics.svg
Noun-linguistics.svg
File:Pieter Bruegel the Elder - The Tower of Babel (Vienna) - Google Art Project - edited.jpg
Pieter Bruegel the Elder - The Tower of...
File:Beowulf Cotton MS Vitellius A XV f. 132r.jpg
Beowulf Cotton MS Vitellius A XV f. 132r.jpg
File:Trilingual signboard in the Imphal International Airport (Tulihal International Airport) displaying in Meitei, Hindi and English languages.jpg
Trilingual signboard in the Imphal...
File:Place des Abbesse (the plaque with the je t'aime=te iubesc in 311 laguages).jpg
Place des Abbesse (the plaque with the je...

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