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Tool

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A tool is an object used to extend a person's ability to modify their environment.

By using a tool, an individual can accomplish specific tasks more efficiently. Most tools are solid, hand-operated, and non-biological objects. They typically serve a single broad purpose. This distinguishes them from complex machines or computers. A formal definition describes tool use as the external employment of an object to alter the form, position, or condition of something else. This could include another object, another organism, or even the user. The person must hold and manipulate the tool to ensure it is oriented correctly for the task.

Tools function through various physical mechanisms to achieve a goal. Cutting tools, such as an axe or a sickle, are wedge-shaped. They produce a shearing force along a narrow face to slice materials. For these to work, the edge must be harder than the material being cut. Moving tools often act as levers to provide a mechanical advantage. A hammer applies physical compression to move a nail. In contrast, a screwdriver uses torque, which is a rotational force, to turn a fastener. Some tools, like an anvil, work by concentrating force to prevent an object from moving.

Prehistoric Tools - Les Combarelles - Les Eyzies de Tayac - MNP
Prehistoric Tools - Les Combarelles - Les Eyzies de Tayac - MNP

We can classify tools into several distinct functional groups. Cutting and edge tools include knives, saws, and drill bits. Moving tools include hammers, pliers, and wrenches. Some tools enact chemical changes, such as lighters or blowtorches. Guiding and perception tools include rulers, microscopes, and clocks. Shaping tools involve molds or trowels, while fastening tools include welders and glue guns. Some items are combinations of these types. For example, an alarm clock combines a measuring tool with a perception tool.

UpholsteryRegulator
UpholsteryRegulator

Even personal protective equipment, like safety glasses, fits the definition because it is necessary to complete a task.

Humanity's relationship with tools is central to our evolutionary history. Anthropologists believe tool use was a vital step in human evolution. Because chimpanzees also use tools, researchers assume routine tool use began before humans and apes diverged. Early tools were likely made of perishable materials like sticks. However, stone artifacts date back about 2.5 million years. A 2010 study suggests the species Australopithecus afarensis used stone implements to carve meat 3.4 million years ago.

A Bonobo at the San Diego Zoo "fishing" for termites
A Bonobo at the San Diego Zoo "fishing" for termites

One of the earliest distinguishable stone forms was the hand axe.

Ancient civilizations made massive leaps in tool technology. In Mesopotamia, several of the six classic simple machines were invented. The wheel and axle appeared with the potter's wheel in the 5th millennium BC. This led to wheeled vehicles in the early 4th millennium BC. The lever was used in the shadoof, a water-lifting device, around 3000 BC. The screw was the last simple machine to appear, during the Neo-Assyrian period. King Sennacherib claimed to have used water screw pumps weighing up to 30 tons.

MaryRose-carpentry tools1
MaryRose-carpentry tools1

These advancements allowed for the use of mechanical energy through waterwheels and windmills.

The Industrial Revolution marked a major turning point in tool development. Before this era, machines were built by individual crafters like smiths and carpenters. These machines often used wooden parts, which changed size with humidity. The rise of metalworking allowed for more stable and precise tools. Machine tools emerged from 18th-century clockmaking and scientific instrument making. These specialized tools enabled the economical production of interchangeable parts. This precision allowed for the standardization of fasteners like bolts and nuts. This shift significantly increased the productivity of human labor through widespread automation.

Tools can also be used in ways they were not originally intended. This is known as tool substitution. Substitution can be "by-design," where a multi-purpose tool is created to do many jobs. An example is a bicycle multi-tool.

Bicycle multi-tool
Bicycle multi-tool

Other substitution is "makeshift," where human ingenuity uses a tool for a new purpose. For instance, a person might use a long screwdriver instead of a tuning fork. Some tools even have built-in secondary functions, like a saw with a handle shaped to act as a square. Beyond physical objects, the concept of a "toolkit" is even applied to systematic or investigative thought processes.

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Global thinking.svg
File:Bicycle multi-tool.JPG
Bicycle multi-tool.JPG
File:Prehistoric Tools - Les Combarelles - Les Eyzies de Tayac - MNP.jpg
Prehistoric Tools - Les Combarelles - Les...
File:MaryRose-carpentry tools1.jpg
MaryRose-carpentry tools1.jpg
File:A Bonobo at the San Diego Zoo "fishing" for termites.jpg
A Bonobo at the San Diego Zoo "fishing"...
File:UpholsteryRegulator.jpg
UpholsteryRegulator.jpg
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