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Spoken language

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Spoken language is a structured system used for communication. It involves producing articulate sounds through the vocal tract. Some experts call this oral language or vocal language. These terms help distinguish it from written language. The term spoken language may also include sign languages. This refers to any natural language that is not written down.

Stephen Avenue 3
Stephen Avenue 3

Traditionally, spoken language is ephemeral. This means it is communicated only once. It is not easily retrieved after it is produced. Modern technology like audiovisual recording can change this. However, the natural state of speech is fleeting. This is different from written language. Writing aims to represent an enduring message on a physical surface.

All spoken languages rely on a specific mechanism to function. They use distinct patterns called phonemes. These phonemes allow people to select words from a shared vocabulary. In oral languages, phonemes consist of sound patterns. These include vowels, consonants, and tones. In sign languages, the phonemes are different. They involve handshape, location, and motion.

The scientific study of these patterns is called phonology. This structured system allows for digital infinity. This means humans can produce an infinite number of new messages. This ability separates human language from unstructured animal communication.

There are different ways to categorize these communication systems. Linguists sometimes use the term spoken language to mean only oral languages. They may use oral or vocal language as synonyms. This excludes sign languages from the definition. Other people use the term spoken to include sign languages. They use it specifically to contrast signs with written transcriptions.

Both systems are natural languages. They exist independently of any written code. This distinction is important for how researchers study human interaction.

Language began during human prehistory. It emerged long before the invention of writing systems. Because writing came later, the origin of language is the same as the origin of spoken language. This includes both oral and signed forms.

We do not know the exact process of how these systems developed. This occurred before recorded history began. Because of this, the process is a mystery. Scientists use several hypotheses to explain it. They study this mystery through anthropology, linguistics, and evolutionary biology.

Evidence from the natural world helps us understand these origins. Non-human animals are capable of various forms of communication. However, humans are the only animals capable of using true language.

Scientists look at animal and primate communication for clues. They suggest human language may have developed from animal gestures. It may also have come from vocalizations produced by human ancestors. This transition led to the complex, rule-based systems we see today. These systems allow for much more complexity than animal signals.

The relationship between speech and writing is quite complex. Most linguists believe speech is an innate human capability. This means humans are born with the ability to speak. In contrast, they view written language as a cultural invention. This suggests writing is a tool humans created later. However, not all experts agree on this view. The Prague school of linguists holds a different perspective. They argue that written and spoken languages have distinct qualities. These qualities suggest that writing might not be entirely dependent on spoken language.

Children acquire spoken language in a very natural way. They learn the language that is used in their environment. This could be a vocal language or a signed language.

Deaf children can acquire language through sign language. They can also use Cued Speech if it is used around them. This is a visual communication system. Vocal language is different because it must be taught. Hearing children must be taught how to read and write. However, they pick up spoken language naturally through exposure. It is considered important for children to understand multiple languages. This provides them with social and educational opportunities.

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