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King Tubby

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Osbourne Ruddock, known to the world as King Tubby, was a revolutionary Jamaican sound engineer.

He is credited with helping to invent dub music during the 1960s and 1970s. Tubby changed the role of the mixing engineer from a technical worker to a creative artist. His work influenced many genres of popular music across the globe. Many music historians call him the inventor of the remix concept. This technique of re-working existing tracks became a foundation for modern dance and electronic music.

Tubby's journey began with a deep understanding of electronics. In the late 1950s, he ran an electrical repair shop on Drumalie Avenue in Kingston. He fixed televisions and radios for the local community. He also built large amplifiers for the growing Jamaican sound systems. These sound systems were large, mobile audio setups used for playing music. Because the tropical weather often caused equipment to fail, Tubby became a vital technician for these businesses. In 1958, he formed his own sound system called Tubby's Hometown Hi-Fi. It gained fame for its high-quality equipment and unique echo and reverb effects.

In 1968, Tubby began working as a disc cutter for the producer Duke Reid. Reid ran Treasure Isle studios, which was one of Jamaica's first independent production houses. At that time, many Jamaican 45 RPM records featured a "version" on the flipside. A version was simply an instrumental version of the main song. Initially, Tubby used the faders on a mixing desk to remove vocal tracks. However, he soon discovered he could do much more with the sound. He realized he could accentuate or emphasize specific instrumental tracks using the mixer settings.

Tubby eventually turned the mixing desk into a musical instrument. He used a custom-built 12-channel MCI mixing desk to transform existing multitrack master tapes. This process is known as "dubbing." He would pass the music through the desk to create unexpected configurations. He would highlight the heavy rhythms of the bass and drums. At the same time, he would add minute snatches of vocals, horns, or organs. He used special effects like extreme delays, echoes, reverb, and phase effects to create atmospheric sounds.

One of his most important tools was a parametric EQ, or equalizer. This was a device used to adjust the balance of different frequencies. On his MCI mixer, this included a high-pass filter controlled by a large knob, often called the "big knob." By turning this knob, Tubby could perform a dramatic narrowing sweep of a signal. He could make a sound, such as a horn, disappear into a thin, high-pitched squeal. This allowed him to manipulate the texture of a song in ways never heard before.

His creative influence resulted in many famous musical moments. In 1974, he produced the seminal track "King Tubby Meets Rockers Uptown." This session used a song by Jacob Miller featuring drummer Carlton Barrett. Through Tubby's dubbing process, the drums were transformed into a totally new rhythm called "rockers." He also worked extensively with legendary producers like Lee "Scratch" Perry and Bunny Lee. He collaborated with many top Jamaican artists, including Augustus Pablo and Johnny Clarke. It is difficult to count his total work because he worked with so many different labels and producers.

By the late 1970s, Tubby began tutoring a new generation of sound engineers. His most famous proteges included King Jammy and Hopeton Brown, also known as Scientist. In the 1980s, he built an even larger studio in the Waterhouse neighborhood of Kingston. He managed several of his own music labels, such as Firehouse, Waterhouse, Kingston 11, and Taurus. These labels released music from popular artists like Sugar Minott and Anthony Red Rose. King Tubby passed away on February 6, 1989, following a robbery outside his home. His technical innovations remain a vital part of how music is produced today.

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