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Kazuo Ohno

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Kazuo Ohno was a legendary Japanese dancer and a central figure in Butoh. Butoh is a unique form of modern dance that emerged from the social changes in postwar Japan. Ohno acted as a guru and an inspirational leader for this movement. He believed that dance should touch the emotions of the audience directly. He once stated that it was not vital for viewers to understand his specific actions. Instead, he hoped they would simply respond to the dance itself. For Ohno, the highest praise was when an audience member began to cry during a performance.

Ohno's journey into dance began with a strong foundation in physical movement. He was born in Hakodate City, Hokkaido, on October 27, 1906. As a student, he showed great talent in athletics. He graduated from an athletic college in 1929 and later taught physical education. In 1933, he transitioned into the world of dance by studying with pioneers Baku Ishii and Takaya Eguchi. This training allowed him to teach dance at the Soshin Girls' School in Yokohama. His early life combined physical discipline with the beginnings of artistic expression.

During World War II, Ohno's life took a very different path. He was drafted into the Japanese Army, serving first as a lieutenant and later as a captain. He saw combat in China and New Guinea. During this time, he was captured and held as a prisoner of war by Australian forces. These heavy experiences deeply influenced his creative work later in life. For instance, his work titled Jellyfish Dance served as a meditation on the burials at sea he observed while being transported back to Japan. The trauma of the war provided a somber inspiration for his unique movement vocabulary.

After the war ended, Ohno returned to his passion for dance. He presented his first solo works in Tokyo in 1949. During the 1950s, he taught at the Mime Studio. A major turning point occurred when he met Tatsumi Hijikata. Hijikata rejected the Western dance styles that were popular in Japan at the time. Together, Ohno and Hijikata helped develop a new vocabulary of movements and ideas. In 1961, Hijikata officially named this movement Ankoku Butoh-ha. Ohno spent the 1960s collaborating with Hijikata while also searching for his own distinct artistic voice.

Ohno's career reached new heights through his celebrated solo performances. In 1977, he premiered a solo piece titled La Argentina Sho. This work was directed by Hijikata and dedicated to the Spanish dancer Antonia Mercé. The performance earned him the prestigious Dance Critics' Circle Award in Japan. This success led to an international tour that brought Butoh to the world stage. He performed in Nancy, France, in 1980, and made his American debut in New York City in 1981. His tours also included stops in London, Paris, Stuttgart, and Stockholm.

Beyond performing, Ohno was a dedicated teacher and author. He founded the Kazuo Ohno Dance Studio in 1949. He also established the Kamihoshikawa studio in 1961 in Hodogaya, Yokohama, for rehearsals and choreography. His son, Yoshito Ohno, now leads the studio and manages a Butoh archive. Ohno also shared his wisdom through several books. These include The Palace Soars through the Sky, Dessin, Words of Workshop, and Food for the Soul. Two of these were published together in English in 2004 as Kazuo Ohno's World: From Without & Within.

Even as his physical strength declined, Ohno's spirit as a dancer remained unbroken. In his later years, he lost the ability to walk. However, he adapted his technique to express himself solely through the movement of his hands. He continued to appear on stage, particularly in works performed with his son. He celebrated his 100th birthday with a gala in January 2007. Ohno passed away from respiratory failure on June 1, 2010. He was 103 years old at the time of his death in Yokohama, leaving behind a massive legacy in the world of dance.

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