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Daigaku Horiguchi

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Daigaku Horiguchi was a significant Japanese poet and translator. He lived during the Taishō and Shōwa periods of Japan. Horiguchi is most famous for introducing French surrealism to Japanese poetry. Surrealism is an artistic movement that uses unexpected or dream-like imagery. He also translated the works of more than 66 different French authors. His unique approach to translation changed the landscape of modern Japanese literature.

Horiguchi developed a specific method for his translation work. He did not try to force French poems into traditional Japanese formats. Instead, he used colloquial Japanese, which means everyday spoken language. This allowed him to stay closer to the original imagery of the French authors. He combined the flexibility of the Japanese style with the resonance of French. This technique helped the poems feel natural while keeping their original spirit.

His early life was shaped by international travel and study. He was born in the Hongō neighborhood of Tokyo. His father, Horiguchi Kumaichi, was a career diplomat for the Foreign Ministry. In 1911, Horiguchi left school to accompany his father to various overseas postings. During these 14 years abroad, he became fluent in the French language. This fluency was assisted by his Belgian stepmother. He lived in many places, including Mexico, Belgium, Spain, Paris, Brazil, and Romania.

Life was not always easy for Horiguchi during his travels. While living in Mexico, he was diagnosed with tuberculosis. This serious illness caused him to change his career path. He abandoned his father's hope for him to become a diplomat. Instead, he devoted his life to writing verse and translating French works. He also experienced the Mexican Revolution during this time. Later, he stayed at a sanatorium in Switzerland to recover. While there, he maintained correspondence with authors like Thomas Mann.

Horiguchi's literary career grew through several important publications. In 1919, he published his first anthology, *Gekko to Pierrot* (Moonlight and Pierrot). After returning to Japan in 1925, he released a collection that introduced Japanese readers to Jean Cocteau and Guillaume Apollinaire. This work influenced Japanese poetry throughout the late 1920s and 1930s. His translation of Paul Morand's *Ouvert la nuit* also impacted the *Shinkankakuha*, or the New Sensation School. He even launched his own poetry magazines, such as *Orpheon*.

As Japan moved toward militarization, Horiguchi made personal choices to express his views. He spoke out against the increasing militarization of the country. Following the National Mobilization Law, he entered self-imposed confinement at a hotel by Lake Nojiri. Even under the watchful eyes of government censors, he continued his translations. During World War II, he was evacuated to Okitsu in Shizuoka. He eventually returned to Tokyo briefly in 1942 to give a eulogy for Akiko Yosano.

In his later years, Horiguchi received many prestigious honors from the Japanese government. He was made a member of the Japan Art Academy in 1957. In 1959, he won the Yomiuri Prize for his work. In 1967, he entered a poetry contest at the Imperial Palace. His poem about fish earned praise from Emperor Hirohito. For his many contributions, he was awarded the Order of the Sacred Treasures twice. In 1979, he received the Order of Culture.

Horiguchi's legacy is found in the more than 20 books of poetry he published. He passed away in March 1981 at the age of 89. His grave is located at the Kamakura Reien cemetery. His work remains a bridge between French and Japanese literary traditions. He proved that translation could be a way to expand a culture's creative boundaries. By using modern language, he helped make foreign ideas feel at home in Japan.

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