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Kandahar

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Kandahar is a major city in southern Afghanistan. It serves as the capital of Kandahar Province. The city sits within the jurisdiction of Kandahar District. It is located between the Arghandab River and the Tarnak River.

View of Arghandab Valley
View of Arghandab Valley

This city is the center of a large cultural region called Loy Kandahar. It has an estimated population of 732,629 settled residents. The Kandahar Municipality is divided into 15 administrative districts known as nahias.

1973-12-08 Kandahar (14)
1973-12-08 Kandahar (14)

The city contains many industrial parks, business centers, and banks. It also hosts universities, hospitals, and various tourist sites.

The region around Kandahar is one of the oldest known human settlements. Archaeologists have found evidence of a large fortified city at this site. They believe this city existed as early as 1000 to 750 BC.

Ruins of old Kandahar Citadel in 1881
Ruins of old Kandahar Citadel in 1881

Later, the city became an important outpost of the Achaemenid Empire. This occurred during the 6th to 4th centuries BC. The city was part of the province of Arachosia. The main inhabitants of Arachosia were the Pakhtas. They may have been ancestors of the modern Pashtun people.

In the 4th century BC, Alexander the Great changed the city's history. He founded what is now called Old Kandahar in the southwest. He named this new city Alexandria Arachosia.

Old Kandahar and Chil Zena
Old Kandahar and Chil Zena

After Alexander died, the territory became part of the Seleucid Empire. It later fell to the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom for 200 years. The city also belonged to the Indo-Greek Kingdom from 180 BC to 10 AD. During the Mauryan period, Buddhism was introduced to the region. Emperor Ashoka left famous inscriptions here in Greek and Aramaic.

AsokaKandahar
AsokaKandahar

The name Kandahar has a very interesting linguistic history. It likely derives from the name Alexandria. In the local Pashto language, the name Alexander is rendered as Iskandar.

Plan of Kandahar by Tytler
Plan of Kandahar by Tytler

Over time, this name likely transformed into Scandar. Eventually, it became the modern name, Kandahar. Some historians noted a change from Scandar to Candar in the 16th century. There is also a folk etymology involving the words "kand" or "qand." In Persian and Pashto, these words relate to candy. This may refer to the fertile land and its sweet fruits.

Kandahar's strategic location has made it a target for many empires. It sits along vital trade routes in southern, central, and western Asia. These routes link the Indian subcontinent with the Middle East. Because of this, many groups fought for control of the city. In 1709, Mirwais Hotak established an independent kingdom here. He made Kandahar the capital of the Hotak dynasty.

Later, in 1747, Ahmad Shah Durrani founded the Durrani Empire. He made Kandahar the capital of his new empire.

Coronation of Ahmad Shah Durrani in 1747 by Breshna
Coronation of Ahmad Shah Durrani in 1747 by Breshna

The city has experienced many different periods of foreign rule. The British occupied the area briefly in the 19th century. The Soviets held the region in the 1980s. More recently, NATO forces were present in the area. Despite these changes, Kandahar remains a vital center for the Pashtun community. It has been their traditional seat of power for over 300 years. Today, it is a major industrial and trading hub. The region is famous for producing fine grapes and pomegranates.

Buildings in Kandahar2
Buildings in Kandahar2

The city even has plants for canning and packing these fruits.

Kandahar holds a unique position in the modern political landscape. Although Kabul is the official capital of Afghanistan, Kandahar is a seat of power. The supreme leader and his spiritual advisers are based in Kandahar. This has led many to call it the de facto capital. The city is also the founding and spiritual center of the Taliban. Modern urban areas like the Ayno Maina township have developed in the northeast.

Aino Mina housing model
Aino Mina housing model

This township sits next to the Kabul–Kandahar Highway. The city continues to grow as a center of trade and culture.

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🖼️ Images & Media (20)
File:AsokaKandahar.jpg
AsokaKandahar.jpg
File:The Siege of Kandahar. Attributed to Payag Mughal, mid-17th century. Opaque watercolor on paper. The Knellington Collection, Courtesy Harvard University Art Museums, Cambridge, Massachusetts.jpg
The Siege of Kandahar. Attributed to...
File:KandaharMosque02.JPG
KandaharMosque02.JPG
File:Kandahar fourthcity durrani.jpg
Kandahar fourthcity durrani.jpg
File:Coronation of Ahmad Shah Durrani in 1747 by Breshna.jpg
Coronation of Ahmad Shah Durrani in 1747...
File:Plan of Kandahar by Tytler.jpg
Plan of Kandahar by Tytler.jpg
Kandahar photo number 40 by Benjamin...
File:1973-12-08 Kandahar (14).jpg
1973-12-08 Kandahar (14).jpg
File:KANDAHAR TEN-MILER.jpg
KANDAHAR TEN-MILER.jpg
File:Governor's courtyard in Kandahar.jpg
Governor's courtyard in Kandahar.jpg
File:Mosque in Kandahar-2011.jpg
Mosque in Kandahar-2011.jpg
File:View of Arghandab Valley.jpg
View of Arghandab Valley.jpg

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