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Hon'inbō Sansa

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Hon'inbō Sansa was a foundational figure in the history of Japanese Go. Go is a complex strategic board game played with stones. Sansa was also a highly skilled player of Shogi, another famous Japanese game. He lived during the transition into the Edo period, which began in 1603. Beyond his gaming skill, he was a Buddhist priest of the Nichiren sect. His original dharma name was Nikkai. He resided at a sub-temple within the Jakkōji temple complex in Kyōto. The name "Hon'inbō" actually comes from this specific temple location.

Sansa's rise to power involved both immense skill and political connection. He became a monk at the age of nine. By 1578, the leader Oda Nobunaga recognized him as the first Meijin of Go. A Meijin is a title given to a top master. In 1587, the regent Toyotomi Hideyoshi granted Sansa an official position. This role was a forerunner to the office of Go-dokoro. This position provided his temple with an annual four koku of rice. A koku is a unit used to measure rice. Hideyoshi even attended a tournament that Sansa participated in.

As the Tokugawa shogunate began in 1603, Sansa's status grew even more formal. The shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu directed Sansa to become the first official Go-dokoro. This change meant Sansa turned his priestly duties at Jakkōji over to his brother, Nichiei. As Go-dokoro, Sansa received fifty koku of rice and five servants. Around this time, he adopted the name Hon'inbō Sansa. The characters for Sansa mean "calculating" and "sand." This period established a system where Go and Shogi masters held different official offices.

During the Edo period, Go was organized into four great houses or academies. These houses competed in prestigious tournaments known as oshirogo, or "Castle Go." These matches were held in the presence of the government. Because these matches took place in Edo, the seat of government, Sansa traveled east every year. He would spend one month traveling for these events. While he turned down a residence in the Nihonbashi district, he was provided other accommodations. This travel was a regular part of his professional life.

Sansa's life included famous and sometimes mysterious games. In 1582, Nobunaga asked him to play a match against a rival priest named Kashio Rigen. This game took place at the Honnōji Temple. It is traditionally said to have occurred on the eve of a major incident at the temple. The game reportedly ended in a "triple ko." A ko is a specific type of repetitive capture rule in Go. Some say a triple ko is a bad omen. While a game record exists, it is incomplete and lacks full details.

Sansa left a massive legacy through the House of Hon'inbō. This was the first of the four great Go schools in Japan. After Sansa died at age 65, a youth named Sugimura succeeded him. Because of his age, Sugimura had to wait until he was twenty to re-establish the house as Hon'inbō San'etsu. Despite this delay, the Hon'inbō school became incredibly dominant. Seven of the ten historic Meijin generations were members of his house. Furthermore, all three traditional Kisei, or "Go Sages," were Hon'inbō masters.

The Hon'inbō school maintained its influence for centuries. It lasted into the 20th century, though it struggled once government backing ended. In 1936, the last Hon'inbō master, Hon'inbō Shūsai, made a major change. He turned the selection of the Hon'inbō title over to the Nihon Ki-in. This is the professional Go organization. Today, the legacy of Sansa is still recognized. His life is even featured in the popular Japanese manga, Hikaru no Go.

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