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Harpsichord

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A harpsichord is a keyboard instrument that produces sound by plucking strings.

ClavecinRuckers&Taskin
ClavecinRuckers&Taskin

It belongs to a family of similar plucked-keyboard instruments. This family includes the smaller virginals, the muselar, and the spinet. Musicians value the harpsichord for its unique tonal qualities. It was widely used during the Renaissance and Baroque periods. It served as both a solo instrument and an accompaniment tool. During the Baroque era, it was a standard part of the continuo group.

Klikli
Klikli

This group provided the harmonic foundation for musical ensembles.

The mechanism of the harpsichord is a complex sequence of movements. When a player depresses a key, it rocks over a central pivot. This motion raises the back end of the key inside the instrument. This rising end lifts a jack, which is a thin strip of wood.

HarpsichordMechanism-EN
HarpsichordMechanism-EN

Each jack holds a small plectrum, a wedge-shaped piece of material. Historically, plectra were made from bird quill or leather. Modern versions often use plastic materials like delrin or celcon.

Jack diagram-EN
Jack diagram-EN

The plectrum reaches out and plucks a single string to create a note. As the key is released, the jack falls back down by its own weight. A tongue mechanism allows the plectrum to swivel away from the string. This prevents the plectrum from plucking the string a second time. Finally, a felt damper at the top of the jack stops the vibration.

Harpsichord jack action
Harpsichord jack action

Harpsichords vary in size and shape, but they share essential components. The strings are under tension on a soundboard, usually made of spruce or fir.

Resonance Chladni Soundboard Harpsichord Clavecin
Resonance Chladni Soundboard Harpsichord Clavecin

The soundboard amplifies the vibrations so they can be heard clearly. One end of each string is wound around a tuning pin. These pins are held in a hardwood plank called a pinblock. The string passes over a nut and then over a bridge. The bridge rests directly on the soundboard to transmit vibrations. At the far end, a hitchpin secures the string to the wooden case.

Many elaborate harpsichords feature multiple choirs of strings. A choir is a set of strings tuned to the same pitch. Having multiple choirs allows the player to change the volume or tone. Players use devices called stops to select which choir will sound. Some instruments use simple levers to manage these selections. More advanced models use multiple keyboards, or manuals, to control different choirs.

Shove Coupler
Shove Coupler

One common method is the use of an eight-foot pitch (8') choir. This produces the normal expected pitch for the instrument. Other choirs might include a four-foot pitch (4'), which sounds an octave higher. Some rare instruments even include sixteen-foot (16') or two-foot (2') choirs.

The history of the harpsichord began likely in the late 14th century. Early instruments were small and produced a relatively high pitch.

Ms 7295 f 128 Henri Arnault de Zwolle
Ms 7295 f 128 Henri Arnault de Zwolle

By the 16th century, Italian makers developed lightweight designs. These had thin case walls and used low-tension brass strings. In the late 16th century, the Ruckers family in the Southern Netherlands changed this. They built heavier instruments with higher-tension steel treble strings. These Flemish instruments produced a more powerful and distinctive tone. They even created the first harpsichords with two keyboards for transposition.

Different nations developed distinct traditions of harpsichord construction. French builders like the Blanchet family and Pascal Taskin created highly flexible instruments. They adapted double keyboards to control different string choirs. These are often called "expressive doubles." In England, the Kirkman and Shudi firms made very powerful instruments. German builders like Hieronymus Albrecht Hass added extra choirs to expand the repertoire. Michael Mietke was another German builder whose work serves as a modern model.

MDMB 418, detall de clavicèmbal, Christian Zell, Museu de la Música de Barcelona
MDMB 418, detall de clavicèmbal, Christian Zell, Museu de la Música de Barcelona

The harpsichord's dominance changed around the year 1700. Bartolomeo Cristofori invented the first piano during this time. Unlike the harpsichord, the piano strikes strings with hammers. This allows the player to control the volume of each note. In a harpsichord, a note sounds equally loud regardless of key pressure. As musical styles changed, the expressive nuances of the piano became more valued. By the late 18th century, the piano had largely replaced the harpsichord. The harpsichord became nearly obsolete and almost disappeared during the 19th century. It survived mainly in opera to accompany recitative.

The harpsichord experienced a major resurgence in the 20th century. Initially, some builders used piano technology with metal frames and heavy strings. However, makers like Frank Hubbard and William Dowd changed this approach. They sought to re-establish the building traditions of the Baroque period. These historically informed building practices dominate the modern scene. Today, the harpsichord is used in new compositions and popular music. It remains a vital tool for performing older music with historical accuracy.

Palazzo Stauffer Harpsichord
Palazzo Stauffer Harpsichord
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🖼️ Images & Media (17)
File:ClavecinRuckers&Taskin.JPG
ClavecinRuckers&Taskin.JPG
File:Ms 7295 f 128 Henri Arnault de Zwolle.jpg
Ms 7295 f 128 Henri Arnault de Zwolle.jpg
File:MDMB 418, detall de clavicèmbal, Christian Zell, Museu de la Música de Barcelona.jpg
MDMB 418, detall de clavicèmbal,...
File:HarpsichordMechanism-EN.svg
HarpsichordMechanism-EN.svg
File:Jack diagram-EN.svg
Jack diagram-EN.svg
File:Harpsichord jack action.svg
Harpsichord jack action.svg
File:Resonance Chladni Soundboard Harpsichord Clavecin.jpg
Resonance Chladni Soundboard Harpsichord...
File:035 Museu de la Música.jpg
035 Museu de la Música.jpg
File:Klikli.jpg
Klikli.jpg
File:Shove Coupler.svg
Shove Coupler.svg
File:Dogleg shove coupler.svg
Dogleg shove coupler.svg
File:ShortOctaveOnC.svg
ShortOctaveOnC.svg

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