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Clavichord

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The clavichord is a rectangular, stringed keyboard instrument.

Clavicord
Clavicord

It was a central tool for musicians from the Late Middle Ages through the Baroque and Classical eras. While it was not loud enough for large concert halls, it held immense value for individual musicians. It served primarily as a practice instrument and an aid for musical composition. Because of its quiet volume, it was ideal for solo music and accompaniment in small rooms.

122 Museu de la Música
122 Museu de la Música

During the 18th century, it was highly valued for its elegance, affordability, and unique expressive features.

The mechanism of the clavichord is unique among keyboard instruments. Inside the wooden case, brass or iron strings run transversely from a hitchpin rail to tuning pegs.

Clavichord action
Clavichord action

The keys act as levers. At the end of each key is a small metal blade called a tangent. These tangents are shaped similarly to the head of a flat-bladed screwdriver.

Tangenty
Tangenty

When a player presses a key, the tangent strikes the string to initiate sound. Unlike a piano, the tangent does not rebound. It stays in contact with the string as long as the key is held. This allows the tangent to act as both the initiator of sound and the nut that defines the pitch.

This constant contact creates an intimate connection between the performer and the music. Players can control the volume by varying how hard they strike the key. They can also manipulate the pitch through a technique called Bebung, which involves varying the force of the tangent against the string. This provides a type of vibrato unique to the instrument. When the player releases the key, the tangent loses contact, and strips of damping cloth silence the vibration. This level of control makes the clavichord a powerful tool for subtle musical expression.

Clavichords are categorized into two main types: fretted and unfretted.

Clavicord
Clavicord

In a fretted clavichord, multiple keys are assigned to the same string pair. This system is efficient because it requires fewer strings to keep in tune and produces a clearer, more direct sound. However, it limits tuning flexibility, as changing the temperament requires bending the tangents. In contrast, an unfretted clavichord uses a single pair of strings for every note. While this requires tuning many more strings, it offers greater flexibility in temperament. It also allows musicians to play any music exactly as written without the risk of "bad" notes.

The history of the clavichord spans several centuries of musical evolution. It was invented in the early fourteenth century. By 1404, German poetry already identified the clavichord as an excellent instrument for accompanying melodies. In 1502, English records show that Queen Elizabeth of York owned a pair of clavichords. The instrument flourished most in German-speaking lands, Scandinavia, and the Iberian Peninsula. Although it fell out of use by 1850, it saw a revival in the late 1890s through the work of Arnold Dolmetsch.

Notable figures have long relied on the clavichord for their musical work. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart famously traveled with a clavichord to practice. His family once purchased an instrument from the renowned maker Johann Andreas Stein in Augsburg. For organists, the pedal clavichord was a vital tool. This version included a pedal keyboard connected to the lower notes of the manual. It allowed organists to practice complex organ repertoire in their homes.

Pedal-clavichord
Pedal-clavichord

Today, the instrument is still played by enthusiasts of Renaissance and Baroque music, with approximately 400 recordings made in the last 70 years.

The influence of the clavichord extends into modern musical genres through the Clavinet. The Clavinet is a solid-body electric version that uses magnetic pickups to plug into an amplifier. This modern evolution is famously used by Stevie Wonder in songs like "Superstition." Other artists, such as Björk, Tori Amos, and Paul McCartney of The Beatles, have also utilized the clavichord in their recordings. This shows how the instrument's unique character continues to inspire musicians across different eras and styles.

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🖼️ Images & Media (7)
Hass clavichord of 1763.webm
File:Clavichord action.svg
Clavichord action.svg
File:Tangenty.JPG
Tangenty.JPG
File:122 Museu de la Música.jpg
122 Museu de la Música.jpg
File:Clavichord-JA Haas 007 reworked.jpg
Clavichord-JA Haas 007 reworked.jpg
File:Clavicord.jpg
Clavicord.jpg
File:Pedal-clavichord.jpg
Pedal-clavichord.jpg
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