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Grading in education

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Grades are tools used to measure how much a student learns.

Teachers use these measurements to check student achievement in a course. There are many ways to show a grade. Some schools use letters from A to F. Other schools use a range of numbers, like 1 to 6. Some use percentages or numbers out of 100. Every country has its own special system for this.

In many places, grades are used to find an average. This is called a grade point average, or GPA. Students earn grade points during a set time. High school and college students often use a GPA. A cumulative GPA is the average of all GPAs earned at one school.

Some programs require a certain GPA for admission. Grades can also help students get scholarships or financial aid. A high GPA is often linked to future job success and higher income.

People have checked student work for a very long time. Assessments happened as far back as 500 B.C. However, there were no formal ways to track mastery then. In the mid-1600s, Harvard University used exit exams to evaluate students. These exams did not use letter grades yet.

The first recorded grading scale was at Yale University. In 1785, President Ezra Stiles recorded grades for 58 Seniors. He used words like "Optimi" and "Pejores" in his diary.

Grading systems have changed a lot over the years. By 1837, Yale turned those words into a 4-point number scale. Some say this helped start the modern American GPA scale. Mount Holyoke College first used the A-D/F system in 1897.

This system did not become common until the 1940s. In 1971, only 67% of U.S. schools used it. Some believe a tutor named William Farish started numerical grading in 1792. This idea is still debated by historians today.

Not everyone thinks traditional grading is the best way. Some people worry that grades only show a short snapshot of learning. They say grades might not show a child's true personality or interest.

High pressure for grades can cause stress or even depression. Some experts suggest using written assessments instead of just numbers. New methods like "ungrading" or competency-based learning are being tried. These help students focus on learning rather than just winning a competition.

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