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Dress code

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A dress code is a set of rules regarding what clothing specific groups of people must wear. These rules are often written down to guide behavior within a community or organization. Dress codes serve as symbolic indicators of various social ideas. They can communicate a person's social class, cultural identity, or religious affiliations. They also reflect attitudes toward comfort and political beliefs. By observing apparel, individuals can often read whether others are following social norms.

Black Tie-Regular LGE
Black Tie-Regular LGE

Dress codes function through social perceptions and established norms. They vary significantly based on the specific purpose, circumstances, or occasion. For example, the Cannes Film Festival maintains a strict code for its attendees. Men are required to wear tuxedos, while women must wear gowns and high-heeled shoes.

Vénus en fourrure Cannes 2013
Vénus en fourrure Cannes 2013

In other settings, such as the tech industry, the mechanism of dress is different. Companies in Silicon Valley developed the business casual code to emphasize efficiency over traditional propriety. This shift led to a culture where casual wear is now the standard for many executives.

There are many distinct types of dress codes ranging from religious to professional. Religious codes often stem from deeply held beliefs and historical traditions. In the Islamic faith, which began in the seventh century, there are specific rules for attire. Many Muslim women wear the hijab, a headscarf that covers the hair, neck, and ears while leaving the face visible. In Sikhism, which originated in the Indian subcontinent around the end of the fifteenth century, male members of the Khalsa must wear a turban at all times.

Gurbir Grewal SEC
Gurbir Grewal SEC

Other types include indigenous national costumes, such as the barong tagalog for men in the Philippines or the kilt in Scotland.

History shows how dress codes have evolved to mark social hierarchies. Between the seventh and ninth centuries, European royalty used clothing to differentiate themselves from others. While most classes wore similar garments, the nobility used ornamentation to show rank. They wore longer tunics and decorated their collars, waists, or borders with luxury items. These embellishments included gold and silver chains, jeweled belts, and amber beads.

Black Tie-Regular LGE
Black Tie-Regular LGE

In the Americas, the Nuu-chah-nulth people used dress to indicate a complex hierarchy of nobles, commoners, and slaves. An English captive named John R. Jewitt recorded how he was forced to conform to these customs in the early 1800s.

Modern dress codes often involve specific measurements or legal standards. In some North American high schools, administrators use a "finger test" to enforce skirt and short lengths. If a student's fingers can extend past the bottom of the clothing, it is considered a violation. In the workplace, legal standards often dictate what can be required. In the United States, the Jespersen v. Harrah's Operating Co. case addressed whether a company could require women to wear makeup while banning men from doing so.

Chrystia Freeland with Rex Tillerson in Ottawa - 2017 (38457257634)
Chrystia Freeland with Rex Tillerson in Ottawa - 2017 (38457257634)

Such cases examine whether dress codes create unfair burdens or rely on stereotypes.

Notable examples show how strict these rules can become in different cultures. In Bhutan, the driglam namzha is a code of etiquette that specifies indigenous clothing for public use. This code has been legally mandated in certain settings since 1989. In Dubai, public dress is regulated to ensure modesty, requiring both men and women to cover their shoulders and knees.

Chrystia Freeland with Rex Tillerson in Ottawa - 2017 (38457257634)
Chrystia Freeland with Rex Tillerson in Ottawa - 2017 (38457257634)

Meanwhile, in Afghanistan, the hijab is compulsory for all women in all locations, including schools.

Dress codes connect to broader legal and social systems worldwide. They intersect with anti-discrimination laws, especially when rules involve gender or religious symbols. For instance, the European Court of Justice has ruled that bans on Islamic headscarves in the workplace can be lawful. In the United States, legal battles like Doe v. Boeing Corporation highlight how dress codes affect transgender individuals during gender transitions. These conflicts show that clothing is not just about fashion, but also about rights, identity, and the power of social institutions.

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File:Vénus en fourrure Cannes 2013.jpg
Vénus en fourrure Cannes 2013.jpg
File:Gurbir Grewal SEC.jpg
Gurbir Grewal SEC.jpg
File:Black Tie-Regular LGE.jpg
Black Tie-Regular LGE.jpg
File:Chrystia Freeland with Rex Tillerson in Ottawa - 2017 (38457257634).jpg
Chrystia Freeland with Rex Tillerson in...
File:King's College London academic dress designed by Vivienne Westwood.jpg
King's College London academic dress...
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At the French Academy of Sciences.jpg
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