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Dice

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A die is a small, throwable object with marked sides that can rest in multiple positions.

6sided dice (cropped)
6sided dice (cropped)

People use dice to generate random values during many activities. These include tabletop games, board games, and role-playing games. They are also used in games of chance. When a die is thrown, it comes to rest showing a value on its upper surface. This value is a random integer. In a fair die, each possible value is equally likely to appear.

The mechanics of a die roll rely on the laws of classical mechanics. The result is determined by how the die is thrown. Minor factors, such as tiny movements in a thrower's hand, create uncertainty. This uncertainty makes the roll random. Because of this, dice act as a crude form of hardware random number generator.

Snake eyes dice
Snake eyes dice

Dice are often thrown by hand or from a container. These containers might include a cup, a tray, or a tower. The value is read from the uppermost face, corner, or edge.

Most common dice are cubes with six faces. These faces are marked with dots called pips. On a traditional die, opposite sides always add up to seven.

Chiralität von Würfeln V.2
Chiralität von Würfeln V.2

This rule requires the one, two, and three faces to share a single vertex. Dice can be classified by their chirality, or "handedness." If the one, two, and three faces run counterclockwise, the die is right-handed. Western dice are normally right-handed. However, Chinese dice are normally left-handed.

Die Faces
Die Faces

Asian-style dice also feature pips that are closer to the center of the face. On these dice, the one and four sides often have red pips.

Dice manufacturing is divided into precision and non-precision categories. Non-precision dice are often made of polymethyl methacrylate, also known as PMMA.

Snake eyes dice
Snake eyes dice

These are usually opaque with recessed markings and rounded edges. They are made using plastic injection molding. To add numbers, the die is submerged in paint and then undergoes tumble finishing. This process uses abrasives to scrape paint out of the indents. Precision dice are used in casinos and are often translucent.

The Game (33285019256)
The Game (33285019256)

These are made from bars of extruded cellulose acetate. They feature flush markings and sharp, square edges. To prevent cheating, each casino die carries a serial number and a logo.

The history of dice is very long and uncertain.

D03 wood
D03 wood

Some scholars hypothesize that dice developed from fortune-telling with animal knucklebones. The oldest known dice were found at the Burnt City in Iran. These date to between 2800 and 2500 BCE. Bone dice were also found in Skara Brae, Scotland, dating to 3100–2400 BCE. In the Indus Valley, terracotta dice have been found from 2500–1900 BCE. Some of these ancient dice already featured opposite sides that added up to seven.

Different cultures have used various types of dice for centuries.

6dice(cropped)
6dice(cropped)

Ancient Romans enjoyed dicing, which they called "aleam ludere." They used large dice called Tali and smaller dice called Tesserae. In China, dice led to the development of dominoes and playing cards. In Japan, dice were used for the game of sugoroku. There were two types: Ban-sugoroku and the racing game E-sugoroku.

Dices collection
Dices collection

Some dice are even designed to be "loaded." These are modified to favor specific results for cheating or entertainment.

Modern players also use polyhedral dice, which have many different shapes.

6dice(cropped)
6dice(cropped)

Many sets include the five Platonic solids. These shapes provide dice with four, eight, twelve, or twenty faces.

Icosahedron
Icosahedron

A common non-cubical die is the ten-sided pentagonal trapezohedron.

Trapezohedron5
Trapezohedron5

Some twenty-sided dice are called "spindown" dice. These are arranged so players can easily count down numbers, such as health points. Even a four-sided tetrahedral die is unique. Because it has no top face, the value is read near the top vertex.

Tetrahedron
Tetrahedron
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🖼️ Images & Media (63)
File:6sided dice (cropped).jpg
6sided dice (cropped).jpg
Dice-rolling-slowmotion-2018-9.webm
File:Chiralität von Würfeln V.2.svg
Chiralität von Würfeln V.2.svg
File:Die Faces.svg
Die Faces.svg
File:Snake eyes dice.jpg
Snake eyes dice.jpg
File:The Game (33285019256).jpg
The Game (33285019256).jpg
File:Backgammon PrecisionDice.jpg
Backgammon PrecisionDice.jpg
File:6dice(cropped).jpg
6dice(cropped).jpg
File:Tetrahedron.png
Tetrahedron.png
File:Hexahedron.png
Hexahedron.png
File:Octahedron.png
Octahedron.png
File:Trapezohedron5.jpg
Trapezohedron5.jpg

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