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Capua

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Capua is a historic city located in the Campania region of southern Italy. It sits within the province of Caserta on the northeastern edge of the Campanian plain.

Map of Capua
Map of Capua

The map shows the city's position within this flat landscape. The name Capua likely originates from the Etruscan word *Capeva*, which translates to "City of Marshes." This name reflects the natural environment of the area during its early history.

The settlement grew through many layers of different civilizations. In prehistoric times, the Villanovian civilization occupied the area. These early settlements were later enlarged by the Oscans and the Etruscans. The Samnites eventually invaded and captured the city around 424 BC. By 343 BC, Capua sought help from Rome to protect itself against Samnite mountain tribes. This alliance helped bring much of Campania under Roman control. The citizens of Capua were granted citizenship, though they did not have the right to vote.

As Rome expanded, Capua became a vital strategic hub. In 312 BC, the Via Appia was constructed to connect the city directly to Rome. This was one of the most important military highways in Italy. The city also benefited from the extension of the Via Latina to Casilinum. Capua's importance grew steadily during the 3rd century BC. At the start of the Second Punic War, it was considered nearly as important as Rome or Carthage. The city was able to provide 30,000 infantry and 4,000 cavalry for military use.

During the Second Punic War, Capua's political loyalty shifted. Although it was initially faithful to Rome, it later defected to Hannibal. The Carthaginian leader used Capua as his winter quarters. Some historians, including Livy, suggested that the luxurious lifestyle in Capua made Hannibal's troops soft. However, other historians have been skeptical of this idea. They note that the troops performed well in battle even after that winter. After a long siege, the Romans retook the city in 211 BC. They imposed severe punishments, including the loss of civic rights for many inhabitants.

The city enjoyed immense prosperity through trade and agriculture. Capua was famous for growing spelt, a type of grain used for groats. The region also produced wine, roses, spices, and unguents. Capua was highly regarded for its manufacture of bronze objects. The city was also a center for gladiatorial combat. In 73 BC, the famous leader Spartacus emerged from the local gladiatorial schools during his revolt. Later, Julius Caesar established a Roman colony in the territory called *Colonia Julia Felix*. He settled 20,000 Roman citizens there in 59 BC.

Capua faced significant destruction during the Middle Ages. In 840 AD, Saracen mercenaries burned the ancient city to the ground. Only the church of Santa Maria Maggiore survived the fire. Because of this, a new city was built in 856 at a different location. This new site is known as Santa Maria Capua Vetere, meaning "Capua the Old." The region later saw many changes in power involving the Lombards, the Normans, and the Kingdom of Sicily. In the 1200s, Emperor Frederick I built a monumental City Gate to protect the Roman bridge over the Volturnus.

Today, the area remains a rich site for archaeology and culture. The Cathedral of Santo Stefano is a major landmark. Built in 856, it features a tall campanile and ancient granite columns. Visitors can also explore the Museo Campano, which opened in 1874. This museum serves as a significant cultural institution for the Campania region. Nearby, archaeological sites reveal ancient tombs from the 7th or 6th century BC. These tombs contain bronze vases and clay objects of both local and Greek manufacture.

Amphitheater santa maria capua vetere
Amphitheater santa maria capua vetere

This image shows the interior of an ancient amphitheater, illustrating the scale of the region's history.

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Map of Capua.tif
File:Amphitheater santa maria capua vetere.jpg
Amphitheater santa maria capua vetere.jpg
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