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Board game

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A board game is a specific type of tabletop game. It involves moving small objects, known as game pieces, across a specially designed patterned board.

British Museum Royal Game of Ur
British Museum Royal Game of Ur

These games often include other components like dice to influence play. While a board is a necessary part of this genre, many people use the term "tabletop games" more broadly. This includes card games that do not use a standard deck, or games that use neither cards nor boards. At its core, the board game is a way for people to interact through structured play.

Playing a game involves different mechanics that determine how players succeed. Some games are based on skill, meaning players must make clever decisions. Chess is a primary example of a perfect information game where every move is visible.

Chess
Chess

Other games rely entirely on luck, such as Candy Land or Snakes and Ladders. In these games, players make no decisions, and the outcome is decided by chance. Many popular games use a combination of both skill and luck. In Monopoly or Backgammon, a player might face bad luck with the dice, but a skilled player will often win more frequently over time.

Luck can be introduced into a game through several distinct methods. Dice are one of the oldest tools for creating randomness, used in games like the Royal Game of Ur.

Shahr-i-sokhta-board-game
Shahr-i-sokhta-board-game

Dice can decide how many steps a token moves, as in Monopoly, or how forces behave in battle, as in Risk. Other games use special decks of cards, like Sorry!, or randomly picked letters, like Scrabble. Some games even use spinners or timers to create unpredictable moments. German-style board games are often noted for having fewer elements of luck than North American games. To reduce luck, some games like Ludo allow players to choose between rolling dice or using a previous player's result.

Diplomacy is another important mechanic that involves players making deals with one another. This usually requires at least three players to function effectively. In the game Catan, players must use negotiation to convince others to trade resources with them. In Risk, players might form temporary teams to stop a leader. Advanced diplomacy, seen in the 1954 game Diplomacy, involves complex plans and the possibility of betrayal. Some games also feature hidden information, such as Stratego or Tigris and Euphrates. In these cases, players must estimate probabilities because they cannot see everything on the board.

Board games have a deep history that spans thousands of years and many cultures. Archaeological evidence shows game boards dating back to the Neolithic period. As of 2024, researchers have identified 51 game boards from 14 different sites dating to the early 7000s BC. In ancient Egypt, people played Senet and Mehen.

-3000 Abydos Spiel der Schlange Mehen anagoria
-3000 Abydos Spiel der Schlange Mehen anagoria

While Senet was played for thousands of years, its specific rules were never written down. The Royal Game of Ur originated in Mesopotamia around 2500 BC. A Babylonian astronomer wrote down its rules on a cuneiform tablet around 177 BC. Another significant find is a game set from Shahr-i Sokhta in Iran, which includes 27 pieces and 4 different dice.

The scholarly reconstruction of the Shahr-i Sokhta board game
The scholarly reconstruction of the Shahr-i Sokhta board game

History has seen different eras of gaming popularity. The "Golden Age" occurred between the 1880s and 1920s. During this time, mass production made games much cheaper and easier to find.

German - Box for Board Games - Walters 7193 - Bottom
German - Box for Board Games - Walters 7193 - Bottom

Later, Monopoly became a massive success, with 500 million games played by 1999. The late 1990s saw the rise of the "Board Game Renaissance." This period was marked by games like Catan, which helped popularize German-style games globally. Modern hits like Carcassonne and Ticket to Ride have helped move the industry away from older 20th-century classics like the Game of Life.

Today, the board game market is a massive global industry. While smaller than the video game market, it has seen significant growth. Some experts suggest the market has grown between 25% and 40% annually since 2010. Technology has also changed how we play through digital board games. These allow people to play online against computers or other humans. Virtual tabletop programs like Tabletop Simulator allow players to manipulate digital pieces on a screen. Whether played on a physical table or a digital screen, board games remain a vital way for people to connect and compete.

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🖼️ Images & Media (26)
File:Board games with expansions 1944-2017.svg
Board games with expansions 1944-2017.svg
File:Chess.svg
Chess.svg
File:Icosahedron.svg
Icosahedron.svg
File:-3000 Abydos Spiel der Schlange Mehen anagoria.JPG
-3000 Abydos Spiel der Schlange Mehen anagoria.JPG
File:Han Pottery Figures Playing Liubo, a Lost Game (10352729936).jpg
Han Pottery Figures Playing Liubo, a Lost...
File:US Navy 110713-N-NT881-124 Personnel Specialist 2nd Class James Vail, left, and Boatswain's Mate 2nd Class Nathaniel Eaton play board games with ch.jpg
US Navy 110713-N-NT881-124 Personnel...
File:Attic Black-Figure Neck Amphora - Achilles and Ajax playing a board game overseen by Athena.jpg
Attic Black-Figure Neck Amphora -...
File:Board Game Timeline.png
Board Game Timeline.png
File:Nepomuk 280 - Osadníci z Katanu.jpg
Nepomuk 280 - Osadníci z Katanu.jpg
File:British Museum Royal Game of Ur.jpg
British Museum Royal Game of Ur.jpg
File:Clevelandart 1953.284.jpg
Clevelandart 1953.284.jpg
File:Maler der Grabkammer der Nefertari 003.jpg
Maler der Grabkammer der Nefertari 003.jpg

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