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Birman

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The Birman is a specific breed of domestic cat. It is often called the "Sacred Cat of Burma."

Pépita Blue Eyes
Pépita Blue Eyes

This breed is defined by several very specific physical traits. They possess a medium-sized, rectangular body and a broad face. A distinct feature is their Roman nose. Their ears are ideally as wide at the base as they are tall. These ears sit high on the head. Their eyes are rounded and must be a deep sapphire blue.

Pépita Sacré de Birmanie
Pépita Sacré de Birmanie

They are also known for their silky, medium-long hair. Unlike Persian cats, Birmans lack an undercoat. This means their fur is less likely to mat.

One of the most important parts of the Birman's appearance is its color pattern. This pattern is known as "pointed." The base body color is white or cream. This color has a light wash of the point color. The points are darker areas on the body. Recognized colors include seal, chocolate, and red. There are also dilute versions like blue, lilac, and cream. Tabby and tortie variations are also allowed. The most famous trait is the white "gloves" on the paws. This white fur must cover all the toes. On the front legs, it stops at the transition to the metacarpals. On the back legs, it extends up the hock in an inverted V shape. This part of the white fur is called "laces." Any other white spots on the body are considered a serious fault.

There is no clear record of where the Birman breed began. Many stories suggest they originated in northern Burma. Some believe they were companions to temple priests in the Mount of Lugh. Other legends claim they were rewards for defending a temple. One story says a person named Vanderbilt smuggled them out of Burma and Sweden. Another story says Thaddeus Haddisch imported a pair, including a pregnant female named Poupée de Maldapour, to France. The breed name comes from "Birmanie," which is the French word for Burma. The breed was first recognized in France in 1925.

History shows that the breed faced a major crisis during World War II. The Birmans were almost wiped out. By the end of the war, only two cats remained in Europe. These cats were named Orloff and Xenia de Kaabaa. They belonged to Baudoin-Crevoisier. To rebuild the breed, breeders used outcrossing. This means they bred Birmans with other long-haired breeds. They used Persian and Siamese cats to help. By the early 1950s, breeders were producing pure Birman litters again. The breed was recognized in Britain in 1965. The Cat Fanciers' Association recognized them in 1966.

Breed development continued through the mid-20th century. The first Birmans were all seal point. In 1959, breeders introduced the blue point color. They used blue Persian lines to do this. English breeders later added chocolate, red, and tabby or lynx points. Birmans have also been used to help develop the Ragdoll breed. Today, the breed is recognized by many groups. This includes the Fédération Internationale Féline (FIFé) in 1949. The Cat Fanciers' Association (CFA) recognized them in 1967. The Canadian Cat Association and TICA recognized them in 1979.

Health is an important part of studying this breed. A study in the UK found Birmans have a high life expectancy. Based on 38 cats, they live about 14.39 years. This is higher than the overall average of 11.74 years. However, Birmans face certain medical risks. They are at high risk for chronic kidney disease. Doctors check for this by testing blood for creatinine and SDMA. Creatinine is produced during the metabolism of creatine. SDMA is a methylated form of the amino acid arginine. Birmans may also get feline infectious peritonitis, which affects kidney function. They also have a higher risk for urate urolithiasis. Additionally, a type of epilepsy called Feline audiogenic reflex seizures (FARS) is common in the breed.

Genetic diversity is another area of scientific interest. A 2008 study by Lipinski et al. looked at many breeds. It found that the Birman has one of the lowest levels of genetic diversity. This means their DNA is very similar across the breed. Breeders also follow unique naming traditions. Many follow the French tradition of using the alphabet. All kittens born in a single year get names starting with the same letter. For example, kittens born in 2016 start with 'N'. Kittens born in 2017 start with 'O'. This helps breeders keep track of their lineages through the years.

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File:Pépita Sacré de Birmanie.jpg
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