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Bartolomé Esteban Murillo

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Bartolomé Esteban Murillo was a master of the Spanish Baroque period.

Bartolomé Esteban Perez Murillo 008
Bartolomé Esteban Perez Murillo 008

He is famous for his religious paintings and his realistic portraits. Murillo captured the everyday life of the 17th century through his art. He painted women and children, including flower girls and street urchins. These works serve as a detailed record of his time. He also created two self-portraits to show his own likeness. One is held by the Frick Collection and shows him in his 30s. The other is in London's National Gallery and shows him 20 years later.

Murillo's painting style changed and grew throughout his life. In his early years, he used a style called tenebrism. Tenebrism is a technique that uses very dark shadows to create drama. As he matured, he moved toward a softer, more luminous style. This means his paintings began to look like they had a gentle glow. He was skilled at blending reality with the spiritual world. In works like "The Angels' Kitchen," he showed elegant figures and beautiful angels. He also used realistic details in his still-life elements. This polished style appealed to the wealthy aristocracy and the middle class.

Murillo was likely born in December 1617. He may have been born in Seville or the small town of Pilas. His father, Gaspar Esteban, worked as a barber surgeon. After his parents died in 1627 and 1628, Murillo lived with his sister, Ana. She was married to Juan Agustín Lagares, who was also a barber. Murillo stayed in their home until he married in 1645. He often used his grandmother's surname, Murillo, instead of his father's name. This choice helped define his professional identity.

His artistic training began in the workshop of his uncle, Juan del Castillo. Castillo was a skilled painter who used loving expressions in his subjects. Murillo was also influenced by other famous painters like Francisco de Zurbarán. He studied the "Treatise on Sacred Images" by Molanus to learn about religious art. Some historians believe he traveled to Madrid to see the work of Velázquez. Others, like the historian Joachim von Sandrart, claimed he visited Italy. However, the historian Antonio Palomino argued that Murillo learned everything in Seville. Palomino believed Murillo gained his skill by studying the natural world in his own room.

Murillo's professional career included many large and important projects. In 1645, he married Beatriz Cabrera y Villalobos. They had ten children, though only one son, Gabriel, became a painter. That same year, he received a major commission from the convent of San Francisco. He spent three years painting eleven canvases about the lives of Franciscan saints. He also specialized in themes like the Virgin and Child. In 1660, he helped found the Academia de Bellas Artes, or Academy of Art. This was a period of great activity for him as he received many commissions.

Adoration of the Shepherds, Murillo (Prado Museum)
Adoration of the Shepherds, Murillo (Prado Museum)

Murillo's influence reached far beyond the borders of Spain. Before the 19th century, his work was more famous than almost any other Spanish artist. Many people in Europe imitated his style. Famous painters like Gainsborough and Greuze were influenced by his techniques. His unique way of painting the Immaculate Conception was even used as a model for the Spanish Order of Charles III. He left behind a massive legacy of students and followers who carried his style forward.

Today, his masterpieces are kept in many major museums around the world.

Sala Murillo del Museo de Cádiz
Sala Murillo del Museo de Cádiz

You can find his work in the Museo del Prado in Madrid and the Hermitage in Russia. His art is also in the National Gallery of Ireland and the Wallace Collection in London. In the United States, his paintings are in museums in Texas, Oklahoma, Illinois, and Kentucky. He died in Seville in 1682. His death occurred shortly after he fell from a scaffold while working on a fresco in Cádiz. Even today, his art continues to connect people to the history of the Baroque era.

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File:Bartolomé Esteban Perez Murillo 008.jpg
Bartolomé Esteban Perez Murillo 008.jpg
File:Bartolomé Esteban Perez Murillo 014.jpg
Bartolomé Esteban Perez Murillo 014.jpg
File:Adoration of the Shepherds, Murillo (Prado Museum).jpg
Adoration of the Shepherds, Murillo...
File:Sala Murillo del Museo de Cádiz.jpg
Sala Murillo del Museo de Cádiz.jpg
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