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Ageism

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Ageism is a form of discrimination based on a person's age. While it often targets elderly people, it can also affect younger people.

Robert N. Butler 2004
Robert N. Butler 2004

The term was created in 1969 by Robert Neil Butler. He was the founding director of the National Institute on Aging. Butler wanted to compare age-based bias to racism and sexism. He identified three connected parts of ageism. These include negative attitudes toward the aging process. They also include discriminatory practices against older individuals. Finally, it includes institutional policies that keep these stereotypes alive.

Ageism can function in several different ways. It can be explicit, meaning it is obvious and intentional. It can also be implicit. Implicit ageism involves thoughts and judgments that happen without conscious awareness. These automatic feelings are often negative.

Child Labor in United States 1910 working night shift
Child Labor in United States 1910 working night shift

Some people also experience benevolent prejudice. This is a specific type of bias where people view others as friendly but incompetent. For example, a survey by Age Concern found that 48% of people saw those over 70 as friendly. However, only 26% believed people over 70 were capable.

Stereotyping is a major mechanism used in ageism. A stereotype is a cognitive tool used to categorize people into groups. These categories help the brain process large amounts of information quickly. While some stereotypes are accurate, many are incorrect and cause harm. For instance, a manager might stereotype an older worker as being resistant to change. They might also assume older workers are uninterested in new technology. These assumptions can lead to unfair treatment in professional settings.

Ageism also affects younger populations through various social structures. One term used is adultism, which is a bias toward adults. This can lead to children and youth being viewed as less important. Another term is adultocracy. This describes a social convention where adults hold dominant positions over young people. This can limit the rights of the young. For example, younger people are often denied the right to vote or sign contracts.

NYRA Berkeley voting age protest
NYRA Berkeley voting age protest

In some cases, young people face specific burdens like military conscription.

Digital ageism is a modern form of this bias. It involves prejudices faced by older adults in the digital world. Many people naturally assume that youth are digitally adept. They may incorrectly view older adults as "digital dunces."

AARP Pride Booth Boston 2017
AARP Pride Booth Boston 2017

There is actually no empirical evidence for a digital divide between ages. Instead, researchers see a digital spectrum. Older adults are often excluded from research regarding digital media. This can make their specific technology use seem negligible or lagging.

These biases can create a self-fulfilling prophecy. This happens when a person internalizes negative stereotypes about themselves. For example, an older person might call a memory lapse a "senior moment." This reinforces the idea that aging causes cognitive decline. Research shows that ageism can actually undermine physical and mental ability. In one study, the gap in hearing scores between young and old was much larger in North America than in China. This suggests that social attitudes can impact how people function.

Understanding these concepts helps us see the broader social impact. Ageism is often connected to fears of death or disability. Avoiding or rejecting older people can be a coping mechanism for these fears. There is also a large overlap between ageism and ableism. Ableism is discrimination based on a person's disability.

Lower House Candidacy Age - Global
Lower House Candidacy Age - Global

By studying these patterns, researchers can work to reduce the harm caused by age-based prejudice. This includes looking at how statistics are collected to avoid hiding differences in older age groups.

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Robert N. Butler 2004.jpg
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Robert_N._Butler_2004.jpg
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EEOC Claim Process Infographic.png
File:Lower House Candidacy Age - Global.svg
Lower House Candidacy Age - Global.svg
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Barbara Robb c.1941.jpg
File:Child Labor in United States 1910 working night shift.jpg
Child Labor in United States 1910 working...
File:AARP Pride Booth Boston 2017.png
AARP Pride Booth Boston 2017.png
File:NYRA Berkeley voting age protest.jpg
NYRA Berkeley voting age protest.jpg
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