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Generation

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A generation is a group of individuals born and living at approximately the same time. The term has several distinct meanings depending on the field of study. In kinship, it refers to the structural relationship between parents and children. In biology, it relates to biogenesis, which is the process of reproduction and procreation. In social sciences and demographics, it refers to a birth cohort. This is a delineated population that experiences significant events during a specific period.

Baby Mother Grandmother and Great Grandmother
Baby Mother Grandmother and Great Grandmother

In a family, a generation is a single step in the line of descent from an ancestor. The length of a familial generation is the average time between the birth of parents and the birth of their children. In developed nations, this length is often in the high 20s or reaches 30 years. Conversely, in less-developed nations, the length remains lower, often in the low 20s.

Lynch Armenia Five generations
Lynch Armenia Five generations

Many social factors influence how long a familial generation lasts. Since the late 18th century, generation length has increased in many parts of the world. This change is linked to greater industrialization and urbanization. Factors like automation and globalization also play a role. On an individual level, a woman's educational attainment can affect these timings. Additionally, people may delay their first pregnancy due to uncertainty in employment income or relationship stability.

Orthodox priest family
Orthodox priest family

Social generations are different from family lines. They are groups of people who share similar cultural experiences. While the idea of social generations exists in ancient literature, it became popular in the 19th century. Before this, the word mostly described family relationships. In 1863, the French lexicographer Emile Littré defined a generation as all people coexisting in society. This shift occurred as modernization and industrialization changed Europe. New ideas suggested that society could progress and change over time. This led to a focus on the renewing power of youth.

Generation timeline
Generation timeline

Several economic and social shifts helped create this new focus on age groups. Rapid economic change meant young men were often less beholden to the authority of their fathers. Greater social mobility allowed them to challenge traditional structures. Also, the skills of older generations became less valuable due to technological changes. For many white-collar workers, the period between childhood and adulthood increased due to university or military service. Furthermore, the rise of nationalism and public education helped people feel part of a larger society rather than just a local group.

Philosophers and sociologists have attempted to study these groups systematically. Auguste Comte suggested that social change is driven by conflict between successive generations. He believed older members have an instinct for social conservation. Meanwhile, younger members often focus on innovation. In 1923, Karl Mannheim wrote a seminal essay titled "The Problem of Generations." He argued that a generation is defined by more than just a birth date. He introduced the concept of "location," which includes historical, economic, and sociocultural factors.

Mannheim believed that a cohesive generation forms during periods of rapid social change. He identified three commonalities: a shared temporal location, a shared historical location, and a shared sociocultural location. He noted that people in different parts of the world, like China and Germany in 1800, did not share a generation because they did not participate in the same integrated experiences. This explains why modern terms like "Millennials" are often based on Western or American experiences.

Orthodox priest family
Orthodox priest family

Historian Hans Jaeger identifies two main theories regarding how generations form. The first is the pulse-rate hypothesis. This suggests that society moves in repeating cycles of non-overlapping cohorts. Each cohort develops a unique personality that shapes history. The second is the imprint hypothesis. This theory states that major historical events leave a lasting mark on a generation. Examples include the Vietnam War, the September 11 attacks, or the COVID-19 pandemic. These events affect people specifically when they are experiencing them at a young age.

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🖼️ Images & Media (5)
File:Baby Mother Grandmother and Great Grandmother.jpg
Baby Mother Grandmother and Great Grandmother.jpg
File:Lynch Armenia Five generations.png
Lynch Armenia Five generations.png
File:Orthodox priest family.jpg
Orthodox priest family.jpg
File:Generation_timeline.svg
Generation_timeline.svg
File:"Geração à Rasca" Banner.jpg
"Geração à Rasca" Banner.jpg
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