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Baby boomers

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Baby boomers, often called "boomers," are a massive demographic cohort. This group consists of people born during a period of rapid population growth. Most experts agree this generation spans from 1946 to 1964. This era followed the end of World War II.

US living adult generations
US living adult generations

The term "baby boom" describes this sudden increase in birth rates. In the United States, the population rose by 2,357,000 people between 1940 and 1950. This spike was so noticeable that reporters began calling it a "boom."

Family watching television 1958 cropped2
Family watching television 1958 cropped2

The mechanism of a baby boom is tied to social and economic shifts. Following the war, many nations experienced a period of economic prosperity. This wealth, combined with rapid technological progress, encouraged larger families. In the West, children grew up during the Cold War. This was a time of ideological confrontation between different political systems.

University of Chicago Law School, 1955-63. Law School - 00441v
University of Chicago Law School, 1955-63. Law School - 00441v

Many boomers also experienced significant reforms in education. These changes were partly a continuation of trends from the interwar period. As this large group of young people grew up, they created new social movements. Their sheer size in numbers changed how society viewed them. This helped popularize the idea of "generational thinking."

In the United States, researchers often divide boomers into two distinct segments. The first group is known as the "leading-edge" or "early" boomers. These are people born between 1946 and 1955. This group contains roughly 38,002,000 individuals. They came of age during the Civil Rights era and the Vietnam War. About 1 in 10 boomer men served in the military.

Beauvoir Sartre - Che Guevara -1960 - Cuba
Beauvoir Sartre - Che Guevara -1960 - Cuba

The second group is called "Generation Jones," or the "late" boomers. These individuals were born between 1956 and 1964. This group includes about 37,818,000 people. They came of age during the Watergate scandal and the economic struggles of the 1970s. These struggles were partly caused by energy shortages.

Global experiences for boomers varied greatly depending on their location. In China, the baby-boom cohort is the largest in the world. Many lived through the Cultural Revolution. As adults, they were subject to the one-child policy. This policy was meant to manage population growth. In Japan, the population has become very old. Japan became a "super-aged" society by 2018. This means 27% of its people were older than 65.

Median age by country, 2016
Median age by country, 2016

South Korea also faces a very low fertility rate. It is currently less than one child per woman. This decline is linked to declining economic prospects for young people.

Demographers study why birth rates change over time. One reason is called the "first demographic transition." This happens when a society moves from high birth and death rates to low ones. In Europe, urbanization and lower infant mortality rates changed things. It became more economically sensible to invest in fewer children.

1910- Fertility rate - United States
1910- Fertility rate - United States

A second shift, the "second demographic transition," involves changing social values. By the 1960s, many moved toward individualistic outlooks. Access to higher education helped drive this change. People began to value personal expression over traditional communal values.

In the early 21st century, the aging of boomers creates new challenges. In many developed countries, boomers are the single largest cohort. This is due to sub-replacement fertility and population aging. In the United States, they are the second-largest demographic after Millennials. In the European Union, the median age was 43 in 2019. This is a huge jump from the median age of 29 in the 1950s.

Ms. magazine Cover - Spring 1972
Ms. magazine Cover - Spring 1972

As these large groups age, governments must make difficult choices. They must balance spending on social welfare, like pensions, with other needs. This is a major economic trade-off for many nations.

These demographic shifts connect to many broader global systems. For example, the aging population in Europe has led to political changes. Some researchers link immigration-induced changes to the rise of national populism. In Taiwan, the number of working-age people could fall by 10% by 2027. This shows how the size of one generation affects the future of an entire economy. Understanding the baby boomers helps us understand the modern world's structure. Their lives have shaped the politics, economy, and culture of the 21st century.

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🖼️ Images & Media (17)
File:1910- Fertility rate - United States.svg
1910- Fertility rate - United States.svg
File:US living adult generations.png
US living adult generations.png
File:Kondratieff Wave-HQ.png
Kondratieff Wave-HQ.png
File:University of Chicago Law School, 1955-63. Law School - 00441v.jpg
University of Chicago Law School,...
File:Family watching television 1958 cropped2.jpg
Family watching television 1958 cropped2.jpg
File:Beauvoir Sartre - Che Guevara -1960 - Cuba.jpg
Beauvoir Sartre - Che Guevara -1960 - Cuba.jpg
File:Betty Friedan 1960.jpg
Betty Friedan 1960.jpg
File:Listening to is Yes' self-titled debut album from 1969 (cropped).jpg
Listening to is Yes' self-titled debut...
File:Londons Carnaby Street, 1966.jpg
Londons Carnaby Street, 1966.jpg
File:Prenez vos désirs pour des réalités - 1968.jpg
Prenez vos désirs pour des réalités - 1968.jpg
File:Families US.svg
Families US.svg
File:Ms. magazine Cover - Spring 1972.jpg
Ms. magazine Cover - Spring 1972.jpg

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