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7th Dalai Lama

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Kelzang Gyatso was the 7th Dalai Lama of Tibet. He lived from 1708 to 1757. Many followers of Tibetan Buddhism viewed him as the authentic reincarnation of the 6th Dalai Lama. This belief meant they saw him as the same spiritual soul returning to lead. He was a highly respected scholar and a prolific writer. His collected works consist of seven volumes. These volumes include liturgical works, religious poems, and many complex commentaries.

7th Dalai Lama
7th Dalai Lama

He is remembered for his saintliness and his devotion to his people.

His early life began in Lithang, located in Eastern Tibet or Kham. At the time of his birth, the throne in Lhasa was occupied by Ngawang Yeshey Gyatso. Most Tibetans did not consider this man to be the legitimate Dalai Lama. A monk at the Litang monastery identified the young Kelzang Gyatso as the true reincarnation of the 6th Dalai Lama. This identification was controversial and dangerous. A delegation from Lhasa secretly confirmed the child's identity. To ensure his safety, he was taken into the Litang monastery for protection and religious training. In 1715, the Kangxi Emperor sponsored his entrance into Kumbum Monastery. This event was marked by formal ceremonies. It served as a public challenge to the existing leadership in Lhasa.

Kelzang Gyatso demonstrated profound wisdom as a young boy. He was considered a prodigy in his studies. He was famous for his ability to spontaneously compose verse. As a youth, he traveled to central Tibet to deliver a sermon to thousands of people. This journey was inspired by a vision of the poet-monk Tsongkhapa. He eventually took his novice vows from the 5th Panchen Lama, Lobsang Yeshi. Lobsang Yeshi also gave him his name. In 1726, he received his Gelong vows, which is full ordination. He studied major Buddhist philosophical treatises under several great teachers. These included the Abbot of Gyumey Monastery and the Abbot of Shalu Monastery. Through this study, he became a master of both sutra and tantra.

His reign was shaped by significant political conflicts and invasions. In 1717, the Dzungars invaded Tibet. They deposed Ngawang Yeshey Gyatso and killed Lhazang Khan. However, the Dzungar occupation caused great suffering. They looted and killed throughout Lhasa. They also destroyed a force sent by the Kangxi Emperor in 1718. In 1720, a second expedition from the Kangxi Emperor arrived. This force included Tibetan troops led by Polhane and Gangchenney. They expelled the Dzungars from Tibet. Kelzang Gyatso was brought from Kumbum to Lhasa. He was officially enthroned in the Potala Palace in 1721.

Political instability continued after his enthronement. In 1727, a faction of ministers assassinated Gangchenney. This group also murdered the Dalai Lama's father, wife, and sister. These events led to a civil war between 1727 and 1728. Polhane and the army of the Kangxi Emperor eventually defeated the nationalists. Although Kelzang Gyatso was not involved in the revolt, he faced consequences. Under pressure from the Manchu, Polhane exiled him to his hometown of Litang. He arrived there in March 1729. He was eventually allowed to return to the Potala in 1735. During this era, the Kangxi Emperor declared Tibet a protectorate of the Qing Empire. This status included the installation of two high commissioners, known as Ambans, in Lhasa.

In 1751, a major change occurred in how Tibet was governed. There are two main historical versions of this event. The Chinese version states that the Qianlong Emperor issued a 13-point decree. This decree abolished the position of Regent, or Desi. It placed the government in the hands of a four-man Council of Ministers called the Kashag. The Tibetan version suggests that Kelzang Gyatso himself constituted the Kashag. He may have done this to prevent one person from holding too much power. This change made the Dalai Lama the spiritual and political leader of Tibet. Following this, the Tibetan government was no longer appointed by the Chinese. The Dalai Lama was recognized as the sovereign of Tibet, though other regions like Kham and Ladakh remained separate.

Kelzang Gyatso left a lasting legacy through his construction projects and religious contributions. In 1753, he founded the Tse-School in the Potala Palace. He also built the Norling Kalsang Phodrang palace at the Norbulingka. His influence even reached neighboring regions. At the request of the Shabdung Rinpoche Jigmi Dagpa, he helped create a gold-and-copper monastery roof in Bhutan. His life connected the spiritual traditions of Tibet with the political shifts of the 18th century. He remains a central figure in the history of the Dalai Lama lineage.

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