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Yu Gwan-sun

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Yu Gwan-sun was a prominent Korean independence activist.

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유관순열사-유적-The-Relics-of-Patriot-Yu-Gwansun-17

She lived during the period of Japanese colonial rule in Korea. This era meant that Korea was governed by the Japanese empire rather than its own people. Yu became a vital symbol for the movement to regain national sovereignty. Many people call her "Korea's Joan of Arc" because of her courage. Her life illustrates how individual conviction can inspire an entire nation.

Yu was born on December 16, 1902, near Cheonan in the Korean Empire. She was the second of three children in her family. Her upbringing was shaped by a Protestant religious environment. Her grandfather, Ryu Yoon-gi, and her uncle, Ryu Joong-moo, were both Protestants. As a child, she was noted for her intelligence. She could memorize long Bible passages after hearing them only once.

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유관순열사-유적-The-Relics-of-Patriot-Yu-Gwansun-17

She attended Ewha Haktang, which is known today as Ewha Womans University. At that time, very few women in Korea attended university. Yu attended through a scholarship program. This program required students to work as teachers after they graduated. In 1919, she witnessed the start of the March First Independence Movement. Her teacher, Kim Ransa, encouraged her to join the Ewha Literary Society. This was a student-led organization that organized several peaceful protests.

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유관순열사-유적-The-Relics-of-Patriot-Yu-Gwansun-17

Yu participated in several demonstrations in Seoul with a group of five people. On March 1, 1919, massive marches took place across Korea to protest Japanese occupation. Following these protests, organizers asked Yu to join a demonstration scheduled for March 5. She marched to Namdaemun in central Seoul with her classmates. They were detained by police but released after missionaries negotiated for them. However, the Japanese government ordered all Korean schools to close on March 10. Yu then returned to her home village of Jiryeong-ri.

In her home region, Yu took a more active role in the movement. She worked with her family to go door-to-door. They encouraged the public to join the independence movement. Yu planned an organized demonstration with Cho In-won and Kim Goo-eung. She rallied people from towns like Yeongi, Chungju, Cheonan, and Jincheon. On April 1, 1919, about 3,000 demonstrators gathered at Aunae Marketplace. They chanted for Korean independence.

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유관순열사-유적-The-Relics-of-Patriot-Yu-Gwansun-17

At 1 p.m., Japanese military police arrived and fired on the protesters. This event killed 19 people, including Yu's parents. Yu was arrested during the chaos.

The Japanese authorities offered Yu a lighter sentence if she confessed. They also wanted her to identify other people involved in the protest. Yu refused to cooperate and remained silent despite heavy torture. She was transferred from Cheonan to Gongju Police Station. During her trial, she argued that the proceedings were unfair. She noted that the court was run by the colonial government. A Japanese judge oversaw the case. She was found guilty of sedition and security law violations.

She received a five-year sentence at Seodaemun Prison in Seoul.

Yu continued her activism even while imprisoned. On March 1, 1920, she planned a large protest with other inmates. This was to mark the first anniversary of the movement. Because of this, authorities held her separately from other prisoners. Yu died on September 28, 1920, from injuries caused by torture and beatings. Records from 2011 show that 7,500 out of 45,000 people arrested during this time died.

Yu gwansun
Yu gwansun

After her death, officials tried to hide evidence of torture. They initially refused to release her body. Eventually, the principals of Ewha Haktang pressured them to release it. They used an oil crate to transport her body.

Yu's legacy remains very strong in Korea today. While the March First Movement did not immediately free Korea, it caused the government to soften some policies. In 1962, she was posthumously awarded the Order of Independence Merit. A shrine was built in her honor in Cheonan.

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유관순열사-유적-The-Relics-of-Patriot-Yu-Gwansun-17

Her story is frequently featured in films and animations. In 2018, The New York Times included her in their Overlooked series. Her life continues to represent the spirit of the Korean independence movement.

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