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Widow

society Maturity 11-13 Next article →

A widow is a woman whose spouse has died and who has not remarried. A man in this same situation is called a widower. The state of living after the death of a spouse is known as widowhood. These terms do not apply to people who have gone through a divorce. The adjective used to describe a person in this state is widowed. Historically, an archaic term for a widow was "relict." This word literally means "someone left over." You might still see this word on very old gravestones.

Gravestone illustrating use of the word "relict" meaning "widow"
Gravestone illustrating use of the word "relict" meaning "widow"

Losing a spouse can have significant effects on a person's physical health. Researchers describe an increased mortality rate following the death of a spouse as the widowhood effect. This effect is strongest during the first three months after the loss. During this period, a person may face a 66-percent increased chance of dying. While there is controversy regarding whether men or women are more affected, studies show that sex often influences lifestyle changes. For example, women may carry a larger emotional burden. Men may find it more difficult to manage daily self-care without their spouse.

Different cultures have developed many distinct mourning practices throughout history. In several parts of Europe and Latin America, widows traditionally wore black to signify mourning. This included countries like Russia, Italy, Greece, and Mexico. While this practice has largely died out, some Orthodox Christian immigrants in the United States still wear lifelong black. This signifies their devotion to their deceased husband. Other traditions are more specific to certain regions. In the folklore of Chiloé in southern Chile, widows and black cats are important elements in stories about hunting for treasure.

'Portrait of a Widow' by Ludovico Carracci, Dayton Art Institute
'Portrait of a Widow' by Ludovico Carracci, Dayton Art Institute

In some societies, mourning involves very strict physical symbols and customs. Following the Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act of 1856 in India, certain customs were documented for Hindu women. These included shaving the head and forbidding the wearing of wedding jewelry or a red sindoor dot. Some widows were also expected to walk barefoot. In parts of Nigeria, some traditions involve drinking water used to wash a deceased husband's body. In other areas of South Asia, widows have faced accusations of causing their husband's death. Such superstitions can lead to widows being treated as bad luck.

Economic stability is a major concern for many people entering widowhood. In societies where a husband is the sole provider, his death can leave a family destitute. This is often compounded by the fact that women generally tend to outlive men. In 19th-century Britain, widows sometimes had more opportunities for social mobility than other women. However, many widows globally face severe hardship. In Zimbabwe, in-laws sometimes take land or property away from widows. This is complicated by the fact that many marriages follow customary law rather than being registered.

Widows centre 4
Widows centre 4

History also shows instances of extreme and harmful practices directed at widows. In South Asia, the practice of sati involved a woman dying upon her husband's death. This was outlawed in British India in 1827 and again by the Sati Prevention Act in 1987. In Fiji, people once practiced widow-strangling before adopting Christianity. In Joseon Korea, strict laws prevented widows from remarrying. In 1477, King Seongjong enacted the Widow Remarriage Law to strengthen these social constraints. These laws even barred the sons of remarried widows from holding public office.

Fleury-François Richard - Valentine of Milan Mourning her Husband, the Duke of Orléans
Fleury-François Richard - Valentine of Milan Mourning her Husband, the Duke of Orléans

Modern efforts are focused on protecting the rights and dignity of widows worldwide. Human rights activists work to address the unequal treatment widows receive compared to widowers. The United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, or CEDAW, works to make discrimination against widows illegal. This includes protecting their property rights and preventing violence. In the United States, the Social Security system provides a Survivor's Benefit. This helps qualified individuals who lose a spouse before their 50th birthday. These systems aim to provide a safety net during a difficult life transition.

A widow
A widow
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🖼️ Images & Media (6)
File:Gravestone_illustrating_use_of_the_word_"relict"_meaning_"widow".jpg
Gravestone_illustrating_use_of_the_word_"r...
File:'Portrait of a Widow' by Ludovico Carracci, Dayton Art Institute.JPG
'Portrait of a Widow' by Ludovico...
File:Alessandro algardi, Ritratto di Olimpia Maidalchini, 1646-1647.jpg
Alessandro algardi, Ritratto di Olimpia...
File:Fleury-François Richard - Valentine of Milan Mourning her Husband, the Duke of Orléans.JPG
Fleury-François Richard - Valentine of...
File:Widows centre 4.jpg
Widows centre 4.jpg
File:A widow.jpg
A widow.jpg
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