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Single parent

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A single parent is an individual who raises a child or children without a spouse or live-in partner. This person manages the household and the upbringing of the children alone. There are many different reasons why a person might become a single parent. These reasons can include divorce, the death of a partner, or a breakup. Other causes include abandonment, domestic violence, or single-person adoption. Some people also become single parents through childbirth by a single person.

Single mother and child
Single mother and child

Single parenthood has been a part of human history for a very long time. In the past, many people became single parents due to high mortality rates. This means people died from diseases, wars, accidents, or homicide. In the 17th and 18th centuries, at least one-third of children in certain European villages lost a parent. In 19th-century Milan, about half of all children lost a parent by age 20. In 19th-century China, nearly one-third of boys lost a parent by age 15. During these times, single parenthood was often short because remarriage rates were very high.

Adoption by single people has also been a part of history since the mid-19th century. In the past, it was often difficult for a single person to adopt a child. Many state welfare officials preferred to find married heterosexual couples for children. Men were rarely considered as adoptive parents and were often seen as less desirable. However, rules began to change over time. In 1965, the Los Angeles Bureau of Adoptions sought single African-American parents for African-American orphans. By 1968, the Child Welfare League of America stated that single parents could adopt in "exceptional circumstances."

Today, we can use statistics to see how common single-parent households are. In 2011, the average proportion of single-parent households in OECD countries was 7.5 percent. This number varied by country, ranging from 3 percent in Japan to 11 percent in New Zealand. In the United States, the proportion of single-parent households grew from 20 percent in 1980 to 30 percent in 2008. Most single-parent households are headed by a mother. In the United States, the proportion of these homes headed by a father was 25 percent.

US single parent family income distribution
US single parent family income distribution

Children in these households live in different ways. Some children live primarily with their mother, while others live primarily with their father. Some children live in a shared parenting arrangement. In this setup, children spend an approximately equal amount of time with both parents. In Sweden, the percentage of children in shared arrangements increased to 28 percent by 2017. In the United States, the proportion of 11- to 15-year-olds in shared arrangements was 5 percent in 2005/06. Research in Sweden shows that children in shared arrangements often have well-being similar to children in intact families.

Single parenting can also involve significant challenges for the parents. Many single mothers face financial hardships and may live in low-income areas. These economic factors can impact mental health. For example, the rate of moderate to severe mental disability was 28.7 percent among single mothers, compared to 15.7 percent among partnered mothers. Financial strain is directly correlated with higher levels of depression. Some single mothers also face barriers to getting medical help. These barriers can include a lack of transportation, childcare, or community resources. Some mothers may even fear that seeking help could lead to losing their children.

Children in single-parent families may also experience specific social and educational outcomes. In the United States, some research suggests a correlation between single-parent families and school challenges. For example, studies have shown that some children from these families perform lower on math and reading tests. In the United Kingdom, children of single parents may be twice as likely to face certain mental health problems. Some researchers have also noted that children without fathers may be more likely to engage in anti-social behavior or use substances. These complex factors show how family structure interacts with many different social systems.

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File:Single mother and child.jpg
Single mother and child.jpg
File:US single parent family income distribution.svg
US single parent family income distribution.svg
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