Nepedia
Back to Discover
Advanced Reader
🧬

Wet nurse

life science Maturity 11-13 Next article →

A wet nurse is a woman who breastfeeds and cares for a child that is not her own.

A Russian wet nurse, c. 1913
A Russian wet nurse, c. 1913

This practice serves a vital purpose when a mother cannot nurse her infant. A mother might be unable to produce milk due to acute or chronic illness. Sometimes, the medical treatments used for an illness can stop lactation, which is the process of producing milk. In many historical societies, wet nursing was a way to save a baby's life. This was especially true before the 20th century, when reliable infant formula did not exist. Children who were raised by a wet nurse were sometimes called "milk-siblings."

To work as a wet nurse, a woman must be lactating. This means her body is actively producing milk. In the past, people incorrectly believed a woman had to have given birth recently to produce milk. We now know that regular breast stimulation can trigger a neural reflex. This reflex causes the body to produce and secrete a hormone called prolactin. This hormone is what tells the body to make milk. Some women have even been able to use a breast pump to establish lactation. This allows them to feed an infant even without a recent pregnancy.

Wet nursing is an ancient practice seen in many different cultures. It has often been tied to social class and wealth. In many monarchies and aristocratic societies, the upper classes hired wet nurses for their children. They did this to ensure the child's health and to help the mother become pregnant again quickly. This was possible because exclusive breastfeeding can inhibit ovulation, a process called lactational amenorrhea. In some cultures, poor women might have to give their babies to a wet nurse temporarily or even permanently. These women might then work as wet nurses for wealthy families to earn money for their own children.

Ancient Rome provides a clear look at how this profession functioned. Well-to-do Roman households often employed wet nurses from among their slaves or freedwomen. Some women even practiced wet nursing as a formal profession. The Digest of Roman law even contains records of wage disputes regarding these services. There was even a landmark known as the Columna Lactaria, or "Milk Column," where wet nurses could be hired.

4796 - Brescia - S. Giulia - Stele di Lucio Nutrio Gallo (sec. I) - Foto Giovanni Dall'Orto, 25 Giu 2011
4796 - Brescia - S. Giulia - Stele di Lucio Nutrio Gallo (sec. I) - Foto Giovanni Dall'Orto, 25 Giu 2011

Romans even preferred Greek nurses. They believed a baby nursed by a Greek woman would learn the language and speak it fluently.

In the United Kingdom, wet nursing was once a very common and lucrative job. During the 18th century, a woman could earn more money as a wet nurse than a man could as a laborer. However, the practice had many risks. Until the 19th century, many wet-nursed infants were sent far away to live with their caregivers for up to three years. This separation was dangerous, and as many as 80% of these infants died during infancy. During the Victorian era, a practice called "baby-farming" emerged. This involved women taking in babies for money, but the care was often very poor and led to high death rates.

France also had a massive wet-nursing industry during the 18th century. In Paris, approximately 90% of infants were wet-nursed. In the year 1780, only 1,000 out of 21,000 babies born in Paris were nursed by their own mothers.

The bureau of wet nurses in Paris - wet nurses waiting to be Wellcome V0015043
The bureau of wet nurses in Paris - wet nurses waiting to be Wellcome V0015043

High rent and low wages forced many mothers to work immediately after giving birth. They had to send their babies away to be cared for by even poorer women. To avoid the low quality of care, upper-class women began hiring wet nurses to live inside their own homes.

Visite Chez la Nourrice (Visit to the Wetnurse) (from Journal l'Artiste) MET DP841080
Visite Chez la Nourrice (Visit to the Wetnurse) (from Journal l'Artiste) MET DP841080

The practice began to decline in the mid-19th century due to medical scrutiny. Medical journalists began writing about the many dangers and abuses of the system. They argued that wet nursing caused higher infant mortality and created moral risks for children. While some of these arguments lacked scientific proof, the public became much more aware of the issues. This led people to move toward maternal breastfeeding or bottle-feeding.

An infant who has been living with a wet-nurse being taken a Wellcome V0015113
An infant who has been living with a wet-nurse being taken a Wellcome V0015113

Although it declined for a long time, the practice has seen a small comeback in the 21st century.

687 words

Where will your curiosity go next?

Keep exploring at your chosen reading level.

🖼️ Images & Media (9)
File:Louis XIV as an infant with his nurse Longuet de la Giraudiere.jpg
Louis XIV as an infant with his nurse...
File:Walcourt - Parclose - Satire d'une nourice.JPG
Walcourt - Parclose - Satire d'une nourice.JPG
File:A Russian wet nurse, c. 1913.jpg
A Russian wet nurse, c. 1913.jpg
File:4796 - Brescia - S. Giulia - Stele di Lucio Nutrio Gallo (sec. I) - Foto Giovanni Dall'Orto, 25 Giu 2011.jpg
4796 - Brescia - S. Giulia - Stele di...
File:Catherine Willoughby exiled.jpg
Catherine Willoughby exiled.jpg
File:The bureau of wet nurses in Paris - wet nurses waiting to be Wellcome V0015043.jpg
The bureau of wet nurses in Paris - wet...
File:Wet Nurse.png
Wet Nurse.png
File:Visite Chez la Nourrice (Visit to the Wetnurse) (from Journal l'Artiste) MET DP841080.jpg
Visite Chez la Nourrice (Visit to the...
File:An infant who has been living with a wet-nurse being taken a Wellcome V0015113.jpg
An infant who has been living with a...
More to explore

✨ What else?

Related topics you might enjoy

🔬 Go deeper

More advanced topics to explore

🪜 Step back

Simpler topics to build understanding

What is Nepedia?

A free, ad-free encyclopedia for children. Every article is written at five reading levels, so the same page works for a five-year-old and a fifteen-year-old — use the level switcher above to see this one change. No account needed to read.