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Mother

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A mother is defined as the female parent of a child. This role can be understood through several different lenses. A biological mother is the female genetic contributor to an infant. She provides the egg used during fertilization. A woman may also become a mother by raising a child who is not her biological offspring. This includes adoptive mothers, who become parents through a legal process.

Portrait of a woman holding a baby (I0024828)
Portrait of a woman holding a baby (I0024828)

There are also stepmothers, who are non-biological parents married to a child's preexisting parent. While they form a family unit, they generally do not have the same legal rights as biological parents. Other roles include surrogate mothers and mother-figures. A surrogate mother carries a child for another person using reproductive technology.

Biological motherhood follows a specific physiological sequence. It often begins after a female starts to ovulate. In well-nourished girls, menarche, or the first menstrual period, usually occurs around age 12 or 13. Once a woman becomes pregnant, a fertilized ovum, or egg, develops into a zygote. This zygote then becomes an embryo. The fetus grows inside the woman's uterus during gestation. In humans, gestation typically lasts around nine months.

After birth, a mother may undergo lactation to produce milk. This milk is the primary source of nutrition for newborns. It also provides essential antibodies for the infant's immune system. Most infants begin eating other foods around six months of age.

Technological advances have created new ways to experience motherhood. In vitro fertilization allows for pregnancy through assisted reproductive technology. This has enabled lesbian and bisexual women to become mothers. It has also allowed for motherhood at ages beyond natural limits. Transgender women may also become biological parents by using their sperm to fertilize an egg. While they cannot currently carry a child, researchers are studying uterus transplants. These transplants could potentially allow transgender women to give birth via Caesarean section.

Share of births by age of mother, Europe (UN), OWID
Share of births by age of mother, Europe (UN), OWID

Such developments have changed the social meaning of motherhood globally.

Adoption is a practice that predates human civilization. Modern adoption systems emerged in the 20th century. These systems are governed by specific statutes and regulations. International adoption has become much more common in recent decades. The United States is a notable example of a country where adoption is common. In 2001, the US accounted for nearly half of all adoptions worldwide. That year, there were over 127,000 adoptions in the United States alone.

These legal frameworks ensure that children are cared for through official channels.

The social role of a mother varies by culture and time. Historically, women were often expected to focus on being wives and mothers. They frequently spent most of their time managing the home. In many cultures, older female relatives provided significant help with these tasks. Since the late 20th century, more women have entered the paid workforce. Some mothers follow a "mommy track" in their careers. Others may be stay-at-home mothers.

Sikkim 1
Sikkim 1

In some German-speaking countries, there is a strong tradition of mothers being homemakers. Conversely, many Western countries have seen an increase in the social acceptance of fathers in childcare roles.

Global fertility rates show how much motherhood varies by location. The total fertility rate (TFR) measures the number of children born per woman. In 2013, Niger had the highest estimated TFR at 7.03. In contrast, Singapore had the lowest at 0.79. The United States had an estimated TFR of 2.06 in 2013. In the United States, 40.7% of births in 2011 were to unmarried women.

Total Fertility Rate Map by Country
Total Fertility Rate Map by Country

Social views on marriage and motherhood are shifting. In many Western countries, single motherhood is now more socially acceptable than it was in the past.

Health outcomes for mothers are a major global concern. Maternal mortality refers to the death of a woman during pregnancy or within 42 days of its end. This can happen from causes related to the pregnancy or its management. Approximately 56% of maternal deaths occur in Sub-Saharan Africa. Another 29% occur in South Asia.

Maternal mortality rate worldwide
Maternal mortality rate worldwide

In 2006, a study found that Scandinavian countries are the safest places to give birth. A mother in the bottom ten ranked countries is 750 times more likely to die during childbirth than one in the top ten.

Infant mortality map of the world
Infant mortality map of the world

Improving basic healthcare and reducing diseases like malaria are vital to making motherhood safer.

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🖼️ Images & Media (20)
File:Portrait of a woman holding a baby (I0024828).jpg
Portrait of a woman holding a baby (I0024828).jpg
File:Cimitero di Staglieno, statue of mother and children-img114.jpg
Cimitero di Staglieno, statue of mother...
Breast feeding cat.ogv
File:Crude Birth Rate Map by Country.svg
Crude Birth Rate Map by Country.svg
File:Total Fertility Rate Map by Country.svg
Total Fertility Rate Map by Country.svg
File:Share of births by age of mother, Europe (UN), OWID.png
Share of births by age of mother, Europe...
File:Mother and child. Gandola Monastery. Lahaul, India. 2004.jpg
Mother and child. Gandola Monastery....
File:Sikkim 1.jpg
Sikkim 1.jpg
File:Percentage of birth to unmarried women, selected countries, 1980 and 2007.png
Percentage of birth to unmarried women,...
File:Mother and children. Mahabalipuram.jpg
Mother and children. Mahabalipuram.jpg
File:Maternal mortality rate worldwide.jpg
Maternal mortality rate worldwide.jpg
File:Infant mortality map of the world.svg
Infant mortality map of the world.svg

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