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Viridian

physical science Maturity 5-7 Next article →

Viridian is a specific type of blue-green pigment used widely in the arts. Chemically, it is known as a hydrated chromium(III) oxide. This means the substance is a chromium oxide that contains water within its structure. As a color, viridian sits between green and teal on the color wheel. It is a tertiary color, which is a color made by mixing a primary and a secondary color. The pigment is characterized by having a dark value and medium saturation. It is also a transparent color, allowing light to pass through it in paint layers.

Viridian(Pigment Green 18) (Left) And Phthalocyanine Green(Pigment Green 7) (Right) Gouache
Viridian(Pigment Green 18) (Left) And Phthalocyanine Green(Pigment Green 7) (Right) Gouache

The history of this pigment begins in mid-19th-century Paris. In 1838, a Parisian color chemist named Pannetier and his assistant Binet first prepared it. Their early method for creating this hydrated chromium oxide was very demanding and expensive. Because of the cost, the process was also kept shrouded in secrecy. The name viridian itself comes from the Latin word "viridis," which simply means green. This Latin root likely makes the name sound more elegant than the Old English word for green.

Chromium(III)-oxide-sample
Chromium(III)-oxide-sample

For many years, viridian was difficult for many people to afford. In 1859, a French chemist named C. E. Guignet changed this by patenting a cheaper manufacturing method. His process involved a technique called calcining. Calcining is the process of heating a substance to high temperatures. Guignet heated a combination of boric acid and potassium bichromate. After the heating process was complete, he washed the resulting material. This new method allowed for much larger distribution and use of the pigment.

Fritz Bamberger - Ansicht der Sierra Nevada - 11627 - Bavarian State Painting Collections
Fritz Bamberger - Ansicht der Sierra Nevada - 11627 - Bavarian State Painting Collections

Even before the cheaper method was patented, viridian was appearing in the art world. The company Winsor and Newton listed the pigment in their catalogue as early as 1849. The famous artist J. M. W. Turner used the color in a work as early as 1840. Despite its beauty, viridian was not always the most popular choice for artists. During the mid-nineteenth century, it was less common than other green options. Alternatives like emerald green and chrome green were three to four times more affordable.

Claude Monet - Arrival of the Normandy Train, Gare Saint-Lazare - Google Art Project
Claude Monet - Arrival of the Normandy Train, Gare Saint-Lazare - Google Art Project

Viridian is highly valued today because it is a very durable and permanent pigment. It can withstand high temperatures up to 260 °C, which is 500 °F. However, it is not suitable for use in ceramic glazes. The pigment is compatible with all other pigments across all media. It also has high oil absorption, which is important for oil painters. When using pure pigment, the substance can be quite hard and might separate in tubes. To help with this, manufacturers add small quantities of barium sulfate. This addition enables the pigment to be ground and dispersed more easily.

Renoir - Flowers, 1915-1919, DMA 1957.64
Renoir - Flowers, 1915-1919, DMA 1957.64

Many famous works of art contain traces of this specific green. The artist Fritz Bamberger used it in his 1863 painting, "Afterglow in the Sierra Nevada." Claude Monet used viridian in the grassy areas of his 1877 oil painting, "Arrival of the Normandy Train, Gare Saint-Lazare." Pierre-Auguste Renoir also used the color in his 1919 painting titled "Flowers." There is also a variation called Paolo Veronese green. This color was formulated and used by the 16th-century Venetian artist Paolo Veronese. In some dictionaries, this variation is also called transparent oxide of chromium.

Renoir - Flowers, 1915-1919, DMA 1957.64
Renoir - Flowers, 1915-1919, DMA 1957.64

Beyond fine art, viridian appears in many modern cultural contexts. The color was the signature identity for the BBC Two broadcasting channel from 1991 to 2001. In the automotive industry, "Viridian Joule" was the winning name in a Chevrolet Volt paint contest. The term is also used in environmental design. The "viridian design movement" is a popular movement based on a bright green environmentalism philosophy. This shows how a single pigment can influence art, technology, and even how we think about the environment.

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🖼️ Images & Media (5)
File:Chromium(III)-oxide-sample.jpg
Chromium(III)-oxide-sample.jpg
File:Viridian(Pigment Green 18) (Left) And Phthalocyanine Green(Pigment Green 7) (Right) Gouache.jpg
Viridian(Pigment Green 18) (Left) And...
File:Fritz_Bamberger_-_Ansicht_der_Sierra_Nevada_-_11627_-_Bavarian_State_Painting_Collections.jpg
Fritz_Bamberger_-_Ansicht_der_Sierra_Nevad...
File:Claude Monet - Arrival of the Normandy Train, Gare Saint-Lazare - Google Art Project.jpg
Claude Monet - Arrival of the Normandy...
File:Renoir_-_Flowers,_1915-1919,_DMA_1957.64.jpg
Renoir_-_Flowers,_1915-1919,_DMA_1957.64.jpg
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