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Vasubandhu

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Vasubandhu was a highly influential Indian Buddhist monk and philosopher.

Seshin Vasubandhu Kofukuji
Seshin Vasubandhu Kofukuji

He lived during the 4th to 5th century CE. His name translates to "the Kinsman of Abundance." Scholars debate his birthplace. The traveler Xuanzang stated he was born in Gandhara. However, the Tibetan source Buton Rinchen Drup placed him in Central India. He is remembered as one of the Seventeen Nalanda Masters. This title links him to the famous Nalanda university. In different traditions, he holds high status. He is the 21st Patriarch in Chan Buddhism. In Jōdo Shinshū, he is honored as the Second Patriarch.

Vasubandhu's intellectual journey involved several distinct schools of thought. He first studied with the Sarvastivada school. This group was dominant in Gandhara. They were also known as the Vaibhāṣika school. They believed that phenomena, or dharmas, exist in the past, present, and future. Later, Vasubandhu studied with a Sautrāntika teacher named Manoratha. The Sautrāntika school held a different view. They believed in "extreme momentariness." This means they thought only the present moment truly exists. Vasubandhu eventually converted to Mahayana Buddhism. This change followed the influence of his brother, Asanga. Together, they founded the Yogacara school.

One of Vasubandhu's most vital roles was as a commentator. He wrote the *Abhidharmakośakārikā*, or "Commentary on the Treasury of the Abhidharma." This work is a verse distillation of Sarvastivada teachings. It analyzes experience by breaking it into constituent dharmas. These dharmas are phenomenal events. The book remains a primary source for Abhidharma studies in Tibetan and East Asian Buddhism. In his writing, Vasubandhu often used a Sautrāntika perspective to critique the Vaibhāṣika system. However, he did not always criticize it. Sometimes, he actually defended the orthodox Vaibhāṣika position.

As a founder of the Yogacara school, Vasubandhu developed complex metaphysics. He promoted the concept of *vijñapti-mātra*, or "appearance only." This idea is a form of epistemological idealism. It suggests that what we perceive is closely tied to consciousness. His works like the *Twenty Verses on Consciousness Only* and the *Thirty Verses on Consciousness Only* are central to this. The *Thirty Verses* served as a basis for the *Cheng Wei Shi Lun*. This is a major source for East Asian Yogacara Buddhism. He also wrote the *Discourse on the Pure Land*. This text became very influential in East Asian Pure Land Buddhism.

Vasubandhu was also a famous debater and scholar. He participated in a debate against Samkhya philosophers. This took place before the Gupta king "Vikramaditya" at Ayodhya. Some historians identify this king as Chandragupta II or Skandagupta. Vasubandhu won the debate. The king rewarded him with 300,000 pieces of gold. Vasubandhu used this wealth for social good. He built Buddhist monasteries and hospitals with the gold. Traditional accounts say he died at the age of 100 while visiting Ayodhya.

A major part of his philosophy involved the critique of the "self." He defended the Buddhist doctrine of *Anatman*, or not-self. He argued against the Hindu view of an eternal soul called *Atman*. Vasubandhu claimed the self is not an independent reality. Instead, he saw it as a collection of five aggregates, or *skandhas*. These are heaps of changing sensory organs, impressions, and mental processes. He used epistemology, or the theory of knowledge, to prove this. He stated that real things are known through perception or inference. Since no one can perceive a solid, unchanging self, he argued the self is a conceptual construction.

Vasubandhu was a prolific author of many different types of texts. He wrote on logic, argumentation, and devotional poetry. His list of works includes the *Karmasiddhiprakarana*, which is a treatise on action. He also wrote the *Vādavidhi*, a text on formal epistemology and debate rules. Other works include the *Vyākhyāyukti*, which focuses on Buddhist hermeneutics. He even wrote commentaries on many important sutras. These include the *Diamond Sutra* and the *Lotus Sutra*. His wide range of writing helped shape the entire Indian Buddhist philosophical tradition.

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