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Je Tsongkhapa

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Je Tsongkhapa was a highly influential Tibetan Buddhist monk, philosopher, and tantric yogi.

Tsongkapa, thangka from Tibet in the 15th-century, painting on cloth - Google Art Project
Tsongkapa, thangka from Tibet in the 15th-century, painting on cloth - Google Art Project

His life and activities led to the formation of the Gelug school of Tibetan Buddhism. He is known by several names across different cultures. His ordained name was Losang Drakpa, but he is often called Je Rinpoche, meaning "Precious Lord." In China, he is known as Zongkapa Lobsang Zhaba. In Mongolia, he is referred to as Bogd Zonkhov. Tsongkhapa's work remains central to many Buddhist traditions today.

At the heart of Tsongkhapa's teachings is a radical view of emptiness. This concept is a core part of Madhyamaka philosophy. Some might mistake this for nihilism, or the belief that nothing exists. However, Tsongkhapa argued that this was not the case. He taught that phenomena exist "interdependently, relationally, non-essentially, and conventionally." He used the term "mere existence" to describe this state. This view suggests that things exist through their connections to other things rather than having a single, independent nature.

To reach a true understanding of reality, Tsongkhapa emphasized the necessity of philosophical reasoning. He believed that meditation alone was not sufficient for spiritual liberation. Instead, meditation must be paired with rigorous logical analysis. This process is intended to push the mind toward a breakthrough in cognitive fluency and insight. His philosophical works created a grand synthesis of several traditions. He combined the Buddhist epistemological tradition of Dignāga and Dharmakīrti with the Cittamatra philosophy of the mind. He also integrated the Madhyamaka philosophy of thinkers like Nāgārjuna and Candrakīrti.

Tsongkhapa was born in 1357 into a nomadic family. His father was Mongolian and his mother was Tibetan. He was born in the walled city of Tsongkha in Amdo, Tibet. He began his religious education at a very young age. He became a novice monk when he was only six years old. His first teacher was the Kadam monk Choje Dondrub Rinchen. When he was sixteen, he traveled to Central Tibet to continue his studies. He studied at various institutions, including the Sangphu monastery and the Sakya tradition.

During his studies, Tsongkhapa mastered many different subjects. He studied Tibetan medicine, ethics, and epistemology, which is the study of knowledge. He also explored various lineages of Buddhist tantra and Vajrayana. One of his most important teachers was the Sakya master Rendawa. Under Rendawa, he studied classic works like the Abhidharmakosha and the Madhyamakavatara. He also studied with Nyingma teachers and Jonang masters. This wide range of training allowed him to master many different Buddhist lineages.

Candrakirti
Candrakirti

Between 1390 and 1398, Tsongkhapa engaged in extended meditation retreats. One of his most famous retreats took place in the Wölkha Valley. During this time, he had many visions of the bodhisattva Mañjuśrī.

MET 31 128 1 86148
MET 31 128 1 86148

He believed he received a series of oral transmissions from Mañjuśrī, known as the Mañjuśrī cycle of teachings. One instruction he received was to not be partial to either emptiness or appearance. He was told to take the aspect of appearance seriously. In 1397, he recorded having a "major insight" into the view of emptiness. He also experienced a profound dream involving the great Madhyamaka masters, including Nāgārjuna and Buddhapālita.

In his mature years, Tsongkhapa composed many significant philosophical texts. His most famous work is the *Great Exposition of the Stages of the Path*, written around 1402. This text outlines the Mahayana path to enlightenment. He also finished the *Great Exposition of Tantra* in 1405. Other major works include the *Ocean of Reasoning* and the *Elucidation of the Intent*. In 1409, he worked to renovate the Jokhang Temple in Lhasa. He also founded the Ganden monastery, located 25 miles north of Lhasa.

Ganden
Ganden

Tsongkhapa died in 1419 at the age of 62 at Ganden Monastery. His death did not stop the growth of his teachings. His students, such as Tashi Palden and Shakya Yeshey, founded the Drepung and Sera monasteries. Together with Ganden, these three became the most influential Gelug monasteries in Tibet. They eventually became some of the largest monasteries in the world. By the end of the 15th century, the Ganden tradition had spread across the entire Tibetan Plateau. His teachings reached from western Tibet to the eastern regions of Kham and Amdo.

Beijing-Lamakloster Yonghe-78-Halle des Dharmarads-Tsongkhapa-gje
Beijing-Lamakloster Yonghe-78-Halle des Dharmarads-Tsongkhapa-gje
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🖼️ Images & Media (9)
File:Tsongkapa - Google Art Project (CgHazyKs8STBow).jpg
Tsongkapa - Google Art Project...
File:MET_31_128_1_86148.jpg
MET_31_128_1_86148.jpg
File:Ganden.jpg
Ganden.jpg
File:Beijing-Lamakloster Yonghe-78-Halle des Dharmarads-Tsongkhapa-gje.jpg
Beijing-Lamakloster Yonghe-78-Halle des...
File:Tsongkapa, thangka from Tibet in the 15th-century, painting on cloth - Google Art Project.jpg
Tsongkapa, thangka from Tibet in the...
File:Candrakirti.gif
Candrakirti.gif
File:Großlama_oder_Tsonghkapa_Linden-Museum.jpg
Großlama_oder_Tsonghkapa_Linden-Museum.jpg
File:Manjuvajramandala_con_43_divinità_-_Unknown_-_Google_Cultural_Institute.jpg
Manjuvajramandala_con_43_divinità_-_Unknow...
File:Tsong-Khapa-Je-Tsongkhapa.jpg
Tsong-Khapa-Je-Tsongkhapa.jpg
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