Nepedia
Back to Discover
Advanced Reader
📖

Atiśa

philosophy religion Maturity 11-13 religion death dying Next article →

This article covers sensitive topics: religion, death_dying. Parents can manage visibility in Parental Controls.

Atiśa was a highly influential Buddhist religious teacher and leader from Bengal. He lived from approximately 982 to 1054 CE. He is widely recognized for his significant contributions to Mahayana and Vajrayana Buddhism. His work helped spread these Buddhist traditions across much of Asia. He is particularly known for his time at the Vikramaśīla Monastery in Bihar. His legacy continues through the various schools of thought he helped establish.

Mural of Atisha at Ralung Gompa, 1993
Mural of Atisha at Ralung Gompa, 1993

Atiśa was born as Candragarbha into a ruling family in Bengal. His father was King Kalyānaśrī and his mother was Prabhavati Sri. He was likely born in the village of Vajrayogini in Vikrampura. This location was one of the capitals of the Pala Empire. As a young nobleman, he received a very broad education. He studied sixty-four different kinds of art, including music and logic. This diverse training prepared him for his later life as a scholar.

His religious studies were deep and highly specialized. He began studying tantra in Rajgir under the monk Rāhulaguhyavajra. This teacher initiated him into Hevajra and taught specific meditations. Later, he studied for seven years under a master named Avadhūtipā. During this time, he focused on yoga and participated in Ganachakra, which are tantric feasts. At age twenty-eight, he was ordained into the Mahāsāṃghika lineage at Bodh Gaya. He studied almost all Buddhist and non-Buddhist schools of his era. These included Vaishnavism, Shaivism, and Tantric Hinduism.

Atiśa mastered several important Buddhist lineages during his training. One was the Lineage of the Profound Action from Asaṅga and Vasubandhu. He also studied the Lineage of Profound View from Nagarjuna and Candrakīrti. Additionally, he learned the Lineage of Profound Experience from Tilopa and Naropa. He engaged with many notable masters like Ratnākaraśānti, Naropa, and Jitari. He also studied with Dharmarakṣita at the Odantapuri monastery. These diverse studies gave him a massive foundation in philosophy.

Atiśa eventually became a senior scholar at Vikramaśīla Monastery. At that time, the monastery had no more than one hundred ordained monks. He was famous for his strict adherence to Mahayana Buddhist ethics. He later rose to the position of steward, or abbot, at the monastery. This institution had been established earlier by Emperor Dharmapala. Atiśa also worked to "nourish" the Odantapuri monastery. His rise to prominence occurred during a flourishing period of Buddhist culture in India.

His travels took him far beyond the borders of India. Atiśa spent twelve years in Sumatra within the Srivijaya empire. He returned to India in 1025 CE, the same year Rajendra Chola I invaded Sumatra. Later, he traveled to Tibet at the request of the Guge king, Yeshe-Ö. He traveled through Nepal toward the Purang Kingdom's capital, Tolung. On this journey, he met the figure Marpa Lōtsawa. In Tolung, he spent three years compiling his most important scholarly work.

His most influential book is the Bodhipathapradīpa, or Lamp for the Path to Enlightenment. This text consists of sixty-seven verses. It explains the Buddhist path using three vehicles: Hīnayāna, Mahāyāna, and Vajrayāna. This work became the model for the Lamrim, or "Stages of the Path" genre. It also served as the basis for the writings of Tsongkhapa. Atiśa and his chief disciple, Dromtön, founded the Kadam school. This school is one of the New Translation schools of Tibetan Buddhism. In the 14th century, the Gelug tradition eventually absorbed the Kadam school.

Atiśa's impact is still measured by historians and scholars today. In 2004, a BBC poll ranked him 18th among the greatest Bengalis of all time. He left behind many other writings, such as the Shiksasamuccaya and the Satyadvayavatara. His life connected the Buddhist traditions of India, Sumatra, and Tibet. He remains a central figure in the history of Asian religious thought.

621 words

Where will your curiosity go next?

Keep exploring at your chosen reading level.

🖼️ Images & Media (1)
File:Mural of Atisha at Ralung Gompa, 1993.jpg
Mural of Atisha at Ralung Gompa, 1993.jpg
More to explore

🔬 Go deeper

More advanced topics to explore

🪜 Step back

Simpler topics to build understanding

What is Nepedia?

A free, ad-free encyclopedia for children. Every article is written at five reading levels, so the same page works for a five-year-old and a fifteen-year-old — use the level switcher above to see this one change. No account needed to read.