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Trisong Detsen

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Trisong Detsen was the 38th Tsenpo, or king, of Tibet. He ruled from 755 to 797 during the Tibetan Empire era. He is remembered as one of the three "Dharma Kings" of Tibet. These kings were vital in introducing Buddhism to the region. He also helped establish the Nyingma school of Tibetan Buddhism. His reign was a time of massive religious and political growth.

Religion underwent a major transformation during his rule. Trisong Detsen became a Buddhist in 762 at age 20. He invited many Indian masters to share their wisdom. One master was Padmasambhava, who helped establish Buddhist Tantra. Another master was Śāntarakṣita, who helped build Samye Monastery. Samye was the first monastery in all of Tibet. In 779, Śāntarakṣita initiated seven Tibetans as monks. This group included some former members of the army.

While Indian traditions grew, other Buddhist styles also arrived. In 761, the king sent a group to the Yizhou region. They sought the teachings of a Korean Chan master named Kim Hwasang. Later, in 763, a second party went to China. This expedition was led by a high minister named Ba Salsnan. They encountered Baotang Wuzhu, the founder of Baotang Monastery. These leaders brought the Chan school of Buddhism to Tibet.

Trisong Detsen hosted a famous debate from 792 to 794. This event is known as the Council of Lhasa. It actually took place at Samye, away from the capital. The debate was between the Chinese Chan tradition and Indian traditions. The Chan side was represented by a monk named Moheyan. The Indian side was represented by the scholar Kamalaśīla. Kamalaśīla taught a gradualist approach to enlightenment. Many scholars believe the king sided with Kamalaśīla.

As a military leader, Trisong Detsen expanded the empire's borders. In 763, he sent an army of 200,000 men to the Tang dynasty border. His forces defeated the Tang and occupied their capital, Chang'an. He even installed an emperor there for a short time. In 778, he formed an alliance with Nanzhao to attack China. In 783, a peace treaty was signed with the Tang dynasty. This treaty gave Tibet lands in what is now Qinghai.

The king's influence reached far toward the west. He pushed the empire toward the Amu Darya river. This move threatened the Abbasid Caliph, Harun ar-Rashid. The Caliph was so concerned that he formed an alliance with China. Trisong Detsen spent much of his later rule fighting Arab wars in the west. This kept pressure off his opponents in the north and east. During this time, Sowa Rigpa, or traditional Tibetan medicine, was also developed.

Trisong Detsen had three sons: Mutri, Muné Tsenpo, and Mutik Tsenpo. His eldest son, Mutri, died early in life. In 797, the king retired to the palace at Zungkar. He spent his retirement writing dharma texts. He passed the throne to his second son, Muné Tsenpo. Muné Tsenpo ruled for only a year and a half. After him, the throne passed to the third brother, Mutik Tsenpo.

Many important women shaped this era as well. One of the king's consorts was Yeshe Tsogyal. She was originally the Princess of Karchen. After studying with Padmasambhava, she became a great master. She is often called the "Mother of Buddhism." The king's daughter, Princess Pema Sal, also left a legacy. Although she died young, she is said to have incarnated as great Tertons. These figures helped ensure that Buddhist culture would endure in Tibet.

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