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Tody

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Todies are a family of very small, colorful birds. They belong to the family Todidae. These birds are part of the order Coraciiformes. This large group includes kingfishers, bee-eaters, and rollers. Todies are endemic to the Caribbean islands. This means they are found nowhere else in the world. They are important members of the forest ecosystems in the Greater Antilles.

The physical appearance of a tody is quite striking. They generally resemble kingfishers in their body shape. Most todies weigh between 5 and 7 grams. Their length usually ranges from 10 to 11.5 centimeters. They have bright green heads, backs, and wings. Many species also feature red throats. They have white and blue-grey stripes on their sides. Their undertail coverts are often yellow. Their bills are long and flattened. These bills have serrated edges to help them catch prey. The upper part of the bill is black. The lower part is red with a small black section.

Todies have a very specific way of finding food. They mostly live in the forest understory. This is the lower layer of the forest. A tody will sit on a low branch. They often sit alone or in pairs. They watch for movement on the underside of leaves. When they see prey, they fly a short distance. For the broad-billed tody, this distance averages 2.2 meters. For the Puerto Rican tody, it averages 1.0 meter. They fly diagonally upward to glean the prey. They can also take food from the ground. Their diet consists mostly of insects. They eat grasshoppers, crickets, beetles, and ants. They also eat spiders, millipedes, and small lizards. Fruit makes up only about 2 percent of their diet.

There are several living species of todies. They are spread across different Caribbean islands. Cuba is home to the Cuban tody. Jamaica has the Jamaican tody. Puerto Rico has the Puerto Rican tody. The island of Hispaniola has two different species. The broad-billed tody lives in the lowlands. The narrow-billed tody lives in the highlands. Each species has its own unique habitat.

The history of these birds is quite interesting. Scientists have studied their classification for a long time. Originally, they were placed in the kingfisher genus Alcedo. In 1760, Mathurin Jacques Brisson moved them to the genus Todus. Genetic analysis shows they diversified 6 to 7 million years ago. The fossil record is sparse but tells a story. Fossils have been found in North America, Germany, and France. This shows the family was once more widespread. There is also a fossil genus called Palaeotodus. These extinct birds were larger than living todies. They may have been close in size to the tody motmot.

Breeding requires a lot of work for a tody. They do not build nests out of sticks. Instead, they dig tunnels. They use their beaks and feet to dig. They choose steep banks or rotten tree trunks. The tunnels can be quite long. In Cuba and for the narrow-billed tody, they are 30 centimeters long. In the broad-billed tody, they reach 30 to 60 centimeters. The tunnel ends in a nest chamber. The parents lay about four round white eggs. Both parents help incubate the eggs. However, they are surprisingly inattentive during this stage.

Once the chicks hatch, the parents become very active. The young are altricial. This means they are born helpless and need constant care. Both parents care for the nestlings. They are incredibly busy during this time. They may feed a single chick up to 140 times per day. This is the highest feeding rate known among all birds. This high level of care ensures the young grow quickly. They stay in the nest until they are ready to fly.

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