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Telegram (software)

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Telegram is a cloud-based, cross-platform instant messaging and social media service.

Telegram-World
Telegram-World

It allows users to exchange text messages, share various media files, and hold private or group voice and video calls. The service also supports public livestreams and large-scale broadcasting. Because it uses cloud storage, messages sync automatically across different devices. This allows a user to start a message on a smartphone and finish it on a laptop. Telegram is available on many platforms, including Android, iOS, Windows, macOS, Linux, and web browsers.

The service functions through a specialized set of rules called the MTProto protocol.

Explanation of secret chats (Telegram)
Explanation of secret chats (Telegram)

This protocol serves as the foundation for how the messenger operates. Most communications are stored in the cloud to allow for easy access across devices. However, Telegram offers a specific feature called "Secret Chats" for extra privacy. These chats use end-to-end encryption, which means only the participating devices can read the messages.

A "secret chat" confirmation notice in Telegram
A "secret chat" confirmation notice in Telegram

Secret Chats are restricted to specific clients like Android, iOS, and macOS. They also feature perfect forward secrecy, which means the encryption keys change after they have been used 100 times or after one week has passed.

Telegram offers several distinct ways for users to interact. Private chats allow for one-on-one communication where messages can be edited for up to 48 hours. Users can also set messages to self-destruct, causing them to disappear after a set time. Groups are larger multi-user chats that can hold up to 200,000 members. These groups can be organized into specific topics to act as subgroups.

Telegram-account-self-destruction
Telegram-account-self-destruction

For broadcasting, Telegram provides channels. Channels act as one-way feeds where owners post content to an unlimited number of subscribers. While followers cannot post in a channel, they can react to or comment on posts if the admins allow it.

The history of Telegram began in 2013 with brothers Pavel and Nikolai Durov. Before creating Telegram, they founded the Russian social network VK. The brothers left VK in 2014 due to government pressure. Nikolai Durov developed the MTProto protocol that powers the app. Pavel Durov provided the necessary financial support and infrastructure through his Digital Fortress fund. The team has moved several times to protect its staff and user data. They were based in Berlin, Germany, in 2014 before moving to Dubai, United Arab Emirates, in 2017. The company is currently registered in the British Virgin Islands and as an LLC in Dubai.

Telegram has experienced massive growth since its launch on iOS in August 2013.

Telegram android app test receipt order Screenshot 20210627
Telegram android app test receipt order Screenshot 20210627

By October 2013, the app had 100,000 daily active users. In 2014, the service reached 35 million monthly users. The app saw a significant surge in popularity in October 2014 when South Korean citizens switched to Telegram due to government surveillance plans. By 2021, Telegram was the most downloaded app worldwide. As of March 2025, Pavel Durov announced that the platform surpassed 1 billion monthly active users. India currently represents the largest market for the service.

There are many specific tools within the app to enhance the user experience. Users can send files up to 2 GB, or up to 4 GB for those with a Premium subscription. The app includes various social features like stickers, which can be static, animated, or video. Users can also use "reactions" to respond to messages with animated emojis. For organization, chats can be sorted into custom folders like "Work" or "Family." Telegram even allows for data portability, meaning users can import their chat history from other apps like WhatsApp or KakaoTalk.

Telegram's approach to data and legal requests is a significant part of its identity. The company uses a complex structure of companies and data centers to protect user data from government subpoenas. Telegram states that it has disclosed zero bytes of user messages to third parties, including governments. However, Pavel Durov noted that the company did disclose data for 6,992 legal requests from India and 203 requests from Brazil between January and September 2024. Users can monitor these legal activities through a dedicated transparency bot provided by the service.

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File:Telegram-account-self-destruction.png
Telegram-account-self-destruction.png
File:A "secret chat" confirmation notice in Telegram.jpg
A "secret chat" confirmation notice in...
File:Telegram android app test receipt order Screenshot 20210627.png
Telegram android app test receipt order...
File:Telegra.ph example article editing.png
Telegra.ph example article editing.png
File:Explanation of secret chats (Telegram).png
Explanation of secret chats (Telegram).png
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