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Surya

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Surya is the solar deity within the Hindu tradition.

Sunrise from Kausani, Almora, Uttarakhand, India
Sunrise from Kausani, Almora, Uttarakhand, India

He is often described as the eye of the universe and the soul of all existence. In many religious views, he is seen as the origin of all life and a source of spiritual emancipation. This means he represents the path toward freedom and enlightenment. Within the Smarta tradition, Surya is one of five major deities. These five are considered equivalent in the practice known as Panchayatana puja. This practice serves as a way to realize Brahman, the ultimate metaphysical reality.

Lord Surya
Lord Surya

The mechanism of Surya's role involves both physical and spiritual functions. Physically, he is the sun that dispels darkness and empowers knowledge. Spiritually, ancient Hindu sages linked him to the power of sight and visual perception. In later Vedic layers, this concept was interiorized. This means people began to view the sun as the "internal eye." Sages suggested that one could find the divine through internal reflection and meditation. This helped individuals on their journey to realize the Atman, or the inner soul.

A Nepalese stone sculpture depicting the Sun god Surya, Bhaktapur
A Nepalese stone sculpture depicting the Sun god Surya, Bhaktapur

Surya is often described through many different aspects or names. These names represent different characteristics of the sun. For example, Savitr refers to the sun as it rises and sets. Aditya signifies a being with great splendor. Mitra describes the sun as a luminous friend to all mankind. Pushan is seen as an illuminator who helps the Devas defeat the darkness of the Asuras. Other names include Arka, Tapan, and Ravi. In early mythology, these names had distinct roles. By the time of the great epics, they became synonymous with Surya himself.

The history of Surya reaches back to the oldest Vedic hymns. The Rigveda mentions him with great reverence as a symbol of life. In these early texts, his origin is described in many ways. Some hymns state he was born or established by various deities like Aditi, Agni, or Indra. The Atharvaveda suggests he originated from Vritra. Over time, Surya's importance shifted through different historical periods. During the medieval period, he was sometimes worshipped alongside other gods at specific times. He was worshipped with Brahma during the day, Shiva at noon, and Vishnu in the evening.

Surya's significance is reflected in many numbers and specific traditions. He is the lord of Simha, which is the constellation Leo in Hindu astrology. He is also the basis for Ravivara, or Sunday, in the Hindu calendar. Many festivals honor him, such as Makar Sankranti, Ratha Saptami, and Chath puja. These celebrations occur across many Indian states. These include Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand, and Odisha. While the worship of dedicated sun temples declined around the 13th century, his influence remains vast.

8th century Surya on chariot in ceiling at Virupaksha Shaivism temple, Pattadakal Hindu monuments Karnataka 2
8th century Surya on chariot in ceiling at Virupaksha Shaivism temple, Pattadakal Hindu monuments Karnataka 2

Iconography provides deep insight into how he is understood. He is typically shown riding a chariot pulled by seven horses. These horses represent the seven colors of visible light and the seven days of the week. The horses are also named after the seven meters of Sanskrit prosody. His chariot driver is named Aruṇa. Surya is often depicted holding lotus flowers. Some texts, like the Brihat Samhita, say he should wear a crown and Northern-style clothing, including boots.

Corinthian Capital with Sun God Surya Riding a Chariot (Quadriga) Gandhara 100-200 CE
Corinthian Capital with Sun God Surya Riding a Chariot (Quadriga) Gandhara 100-200 CE

Surya connects to many different fields of human thought. In literature, he is a central figure in the Ramayana and the Mahabharata. In the Mahabharata, the hero Karna is the son of Surya. In the Ramayana, the hero Rama is taught a special hymn called the Ādityahṛdayam. Beyond Hinduism, Surya appears in the arts and literature of Buddhism and Jainism.

His image even shows influences from Greek and Persian styles in ancient art. This shows how ideas about the sun traveled across different cultures and eras.

Modhera SunTemple
Modhera SunTemple
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🖼️ Images & Media (11)
File:8th century Surya on chariot in ceiling at Virupaksha Shaivism temple, Pattadakal Hindu monuments Karnataka 2.jpg
8th century Surya on chariot in ceiling...
File:Sunrise from Kausani, Almora, Uttarakhand, India.jpg
Sunrise from Kausani, Almora,...
File:Lord Surya.JPG
Lord Surya.JPG
File:Modhera SunTemple.JPG
Modhera SunTemple.JPG
File:Sun-temple DEO Aurangabad Bihar,India.jpg
Sun-temple DEO Aurangabad Bihar,India.jpg
File:Corinthian Capital with Sun God Surya Riding a Chariot (Quadriga) Gandhara 100-200 CE.jpg
Corinthian Capital with Sun God Surya...
File:A Nepalese stone sculpture depicting the Sun god Surya, Bhaktapur.jpg
A Nepalese stone sculpture depicting the...
File:6 images Makar Sankranti collage.jpg
6 images Makar Sankranti collage.jpg
File:Delhi Airport in July, 2018 10.jpg
Delhi Airport in July, 2018 10.jpg
File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Wajangpop van karbouwenhuid Bima voorstellend TMnr 1772-528.jpg
COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Wajangpop van...
File:The Sun God Surya LACMA M.79.189.9 (1 of 2).jpg
The Sun God Surya LACMA M.79.189.9 (1 of 2).jpg
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