Nepedia
Back to Discover
Advanced Reader
📖

Rishabhanatha

philosophy religion Maturity 5-7 religion mythology Next article →

This article covers sensitive topics: religion, mythology. Parents can manage visibility in Parental Controls.

Rishabhanatha is the first Supreme preacher of Jainism.

Birth of the Tirthankara Rishabha
Birth of the Tirthankara Rishabha

He is also known by many names, such as Rishabhadeva, Adinatha, or Ikshvaku. In Jain cosmology, time moves in endless, repeating cycles. These cycles consist of two halves: avasarpiṇī and utsarpiṇī. Each half contains six eras, or spokes, of time. Rishabhanatha was the first of twenty-four Tirthankaras in the current cycle. A Tirthankara is often called a "ford maker." This term describes a teacher who helps others cross the sea of rebirth and death.

Jain tradition describes his life through five auspicious stages called the pancha kalyanaka. These stages are garbha, or pregnancy; janma, which is birth; diksha, or monk initiation; kevalyagyana, meaning omniscience; and moksha, which is final liberation.

Jain Universal History Diorama in Jain Museum Madhuban 12
Jain Universal History Diorama in Jain Museum Madhuban 12

According to the Śvetāmbara tradition, Rishabhanatha was born at the end of the third era. This era is known as sukhamā-dukhamā erā. He was born to King Nabhi and Queen Marudevi in the city of Ayodhya.

Goddess Marudevi
Goddess Marudevi

Before his birth, Marudevi reportedly experienced fourteen auspicious dreams. These dreams signified the coming of a great leader, such as a chakravartin or a Tirthankara.

As a young man, Rishabhanatha lived a life of royal importance. He had two wives, Sumangala and Sunanda. Sumangala was the mother of ninety-nine sons, including Bharata, and one daughter, Brahmi. Sunanda was the mother of Bahubali and Sundari.

Rishabhdeva - Dance of Nilanjana
Rishabhdeva - Dance of Nilanjana

His children also became significant figures in history. For example, his daughter Brahmi is credited with teaching the Brahmi script. His eldest son, Bharata, ruled ancient India from Ayodhya as a just leader. Rishabhanatha is also credited with establishing the institution of marriage and the first laws of governance.

During his reign, Rishabhanatha acted as a culture hero for his era.

Lord Rishabhdev in meditation
Lord Rishabhdev in meditation

He lived during a time called bhoga-bhumi, an age of omnipresent happiness. In this age, people used wish-fulfilling trees called kalpavrikshas to meet their needs. However, as these trees became less effective, Rishabhanatha taught people how to sustain themselves through work. He introduced the age of karma-bhumi, or the age of action. He taught six main professions: swordsmanship, writing, agriculture, knowledge, trade, and crafts. He is said to have taught seventy-two sciences to men and sixty-four to women.

His path to spiritual life began with a moment of deep reflection. During a royal assembly, a dancer named Nilanjana died suddenly during a performance. This event reminded Rishabhanatha of the transitory nature of the world. He decided to renounce his kingdom, family, and wealth. He distributed his lands among his sons and became a monk in a garden near Ayodhya.

During his initiation, texts say he tore out four handfuls of hair. He then began a period of intense spiritual practice and austerity.

One of the most famous parts of his journey involved fasting. Rishabhanatha traveled for 400 days without consuming any food. Eventually, his great-grandson Shreyansa offered him sugarcane juice to break the fast.

Footprints of Rishabhanatha at Hastinapur
Footprints of Rishabhanatha at Hastinapur

This event is celebrated annually by Jains as Akshaya Tritiya. This holiday marks the beginning of the tradition of offering food to mendicants. To honor him, some Śvetāmbara Jains perform a 400-day fast called Varshitap. In this practice, they consume food only on alternating days.

After a thousand years of austerity, Rishabhanatha attained kevala jnana, or omniscience. This means he gained perfect, all-encompassing knowledge.

Lord Risbabhdev moving over golden lotus after attaining Omniscience
Lord Risbabhdev moving over golden lotus after attaining Omniscience

He finally reached moksha, or total liberation, on Mount Ashtapada. Today, his legacy is kept alive through many beautiful icons. These include the bull, which is his emblem, and large statues like the Statue of Ahimsa. His life connects the spiritual goals of Jainism with the practical foundations of human society and culture.

601 words

Where will your curiosity go next?

Keep exploring at your chosen reading level.

🖼️ Images & Media (12)
File:Birth of the Tirthankara Rishabha.jpg
Birth of the Tirthankara Rishabha.jpg
File:Goddess Marudevi.jpg
Goddess Marudevi.jpg
File:Rishabhdeva - Dance of Nilanjana.jpg
Rishabhdeva - Dance of Nilanjana.jpg
File:Lord Rishabhdev in meditation.jpg
Lord Rishabhdev in meditation.jpg
File:Jain Universal History Diorama in Jain Museum Madhuban 12.jpg
Jain Universal History Diorama in Jain...
File:Footprints_of_Rishabhanatha_at_Hastinapur.jpg
Footprints_of_Rishabhanatha_at_Hastinapur.jpg
File:Shrine_housing_Rishabhantha's_footprints_at_Hastinapur.jpg
Shrine_housing_Rishabhantha's_footprints_a...
File:Lord Risbabhdev moving over golden lotus after attaining Omniscience.jpg
Lord Risbabhdev moving over golden lotus...
File:Kailash north.JPG
Kailash north.JPG
File:Rishabhanatha Sculpture (Halebidu) 20240308 022622115 (1).jpg
Rishabhanatha Sculpture (Halebidu)...
File:Rishabhanatha and ambika, Khandagiri Caves.jpg
Rishabhanatha and ambika, Khandagiri Caves.jpg
File:Palitana.jpg
Palitana.jpg
More to explore

🔬 Go deeper

More advanced topics to explore

🪜 Step back

Simpler topics to build understanding

What is Nepedia?

A free, ad-free encyclopedia for children. Every article is written at five reading levels, so the same page works for a five-year-old and a fifteen-year-old — use the level switcher above to see this one change. No account needed to read.